School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; email:
Department of Psychological Science, School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA; email:
Annu Rev Psychol. 2021 Jan 4;72:663-688. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-062520-122331. Epub 2020 Sep 4.
The cumulative science linking stress to negative health outcomes is vast. Stress can affect health directly, through autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, but also indirectly, through changes in health behaviors. In this review, we present a brief overview of () why we should be interested in stress in the context of health; () the stress response and allostatic load; () some of the key biological mechanisms through which stress impacts health, such as by influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and cortisol dynamics, the autonomic nervous system, and gene expression; and () evidence of the clinical relevance of stress, exemplified through the risk of infectious diseases. The studies reviewed in this article confirm that stress has an impact on multiple biological systems. Future work ought to consider further the importance of early-life adversity and continue to explore how different biological systems interact in the context of stress and health processes.
压力与负面健康结果之间的关联在科学上已经得到了广泛的证实。压力可以通过自主和神经内分泌反应直接影响健康，也可以通过健康行为的改变间接影响健康。在这篇综述中，我们简要概述了以下几个方面：(1) 为什么我们应该关注健康背景下的压力；(2) 压力反应和适应负荷；(3) 压力影响健康的一些关键生物学机制，例如通过影响下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的调节和皮质醇动力学、自主神经系统和基因表达；(4) 压力的临床相关性的证据，以传染病的风险为例。本文综述的研究证实，压力对多个生物系统都有影响。未来的研究应该进一步考虑早期生活逆境的重要性，并继续探索不同的生物系统在压力和健康过程中的相互作用。
