Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
PLoS One. 2020 Sep 11;15(9):e0238909. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238909. eCollection 2020.
E. granulosus is a cestode that causes Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease with worldwide presence. The immune response generated by the host against the metacestode induces a permissive Th2 response, as opposed to pro-inflammatory Th1 response. In this view, mixed Th2 and regulatory responses allow parasite survival. Overall, larval Echinococcus infections induce strong regulatory responses. Fasciola hepatica, another common helminth parasite, represents a major infection in cattle. Co-infection with different parasite species in the same host, polyparasitism, is a common occurrence involving E. granulosus and F. hepatica in cattle. 'While it is known that infection with F. hepatica also triggers a polarized Th2/Treg immune response, little is reported regarding effects on the systemic immune response of this example of polyparasitism. F. hepatica also triggers immune responses polarized to the Th2/ Treg spectrum. Serum samples from 107 animals were analyzed, and were divided according to their infection status and Echinococcal cysts fertility. Cytokines were measured utilizing a Milliplex Magnetic Bead Panel to detect IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-18. Cattle infected only with F. hepatica had the highest concentration of every cytokine analyzed, with both 4.24 and 3.34-fold increases in IL-10 and IL-4, respectively, compared to control animals, followed by E. granulosus and F. hepatica co-infected animals with two-fold increase in IL-10 and IL-4, compared to control animals, suggesting that E. granulosus co-infection dampens the cattle Th2/Treg immune response against F. hepatica. When considering Echinococcal cyst fertility and systemic cytokine concentrations, fertile cysts had higher IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-18 concentrations, while infertile cysts had higher IL-10 concentrations. These results show that E. granulosus co-infection lowers Th1 and Th2 cytokine serological concentration when compared to F. hepatica infection alone. E. granulosus infections show no difference in IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-18 levels compared with control animals, highlighting the immune evasion mechanisms of this cestode.
细粒棘球蚴是一种引起包虫病（CE）的绦虫，这是一种具有世界分布的人畜共患疾病。宿主对幼虫的免疫反应引起允许性 Th2 反应，而不是促炎 Th1 反应。在这种情况下，混合的 Th2 和调节反应允许寄生虫存活。总的来说，幼虫棘球蚴感染会引起强烈的调节反应。肝片吸虫是另一种常见的寄生虫，也是牛的主要寄生虫。同一宿主中不同寄生虫物种的共同感染，即多寄生虫感染，在牛中很常见，包括细粒棘球蚴和肝片吸虫。“虽然已知肝片吸虫感染也会引发极化的 Th2/Treg 免疫反应，但关于这种多寄生虫感染对系统性免疫反应的影响，报道甚少。肝片吸虫也会引发极化到 Th2/Treg 谱的免疫反应。分析了 107 头动物的血清样本，并根据其感染状况和棘球蚴囊肿的生育能力进行了分组。利用 Milliplex 磁珠面板测量细胞因子，以检测 IFN-γ、IL-1、IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、IL-12 和 IL-18。仅感染肝片吸虫的牛具有分析的每种细胞因子的最高浓度，与对照动物相比，IL-10 和 IL-4 分别增加了 4.24 倍和 3.34 倍，其次是细粒棘球蚴和肝片吸虫共同感染的动物，与对照动物相比，IL-10 和 IL-4 增加了两倍，这表明细粒棘球蚴共同感染抑制了牛对肝片吸虫的 Th2/Treg 免疫反应。当考虑棘球蚴囊肿的生育能力和系统细胞因子浓度时，有生育能力的囊肿具有更高的 IFN-γ、IL-6 和 IL-18 浓度，而无生育能力的囊肿具有更高的 IL-10 浓度。这些结果表明，与单独感染肝片吸虫相比，细粒棘球蚴共同感染降低了 Th1 和 Th2 细胞因子的血清浓度。与对照动物相比，细粒棘球蚴感染在 IFN-γ、IL-1、IL-2、IL-6 和 IL-18 水平上没有差异，这突出了这种绦虫的免疫逃避机制。
