UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK.
Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Diagnostics and Water Studies, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2021 Feb 1;754:141900. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141900. Epub 2020 Aug 23.
We compared long-term (1977 to 2014) trends in concentrations of PFAS in eggs of the marine sentinel species, the Northern gannet (Morus bassanus), from the Irish Sea (Ailsa Craig) and the North Sea (Bass Rock). Concentrations of eight perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and three perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs) were determined and we report the first dataset on PFAS in UK seabirds before and after the PFOS ban. There were no significant differences in ∑PFAS or ∑PFSAs between both colonies. The ∑PFSAs dominated the PFAS profile (>80%); PFOS accounted for the majority of the PFSAs (98-99%). In contrast, ∑PFCAs concentrations were slightly but significantly higher in eggs from Ailsa Craig than in those from Bass Rock. The most abundant PFCAs were perfluorotridecanoate (PFTriDA) and perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA) which, together with PFOA, comprised around 90% of the ∑PFCAs. The ∑PFSAs and ∑PFCAs had very different temporal trends. ∑PFSAs concentrations in eggs from both colonies increased significantly in the earlier part of the study but later declined significantly, demonstrating the effectiveness of the phasing out of PFOS production in the 2000s. In contrast, ∑PFCAs concentrations in eggs were constant and low in the 1970s and 1980s, suggesting minimal environmental contamination, but residues subsequently increased significantly in both colonies until the end of the study. This increase appeared driven by rises in long chain compounds, namely the odd chain numbered PFTriDA and PFUnA. PFOA, had a very different temporal trend from the other dominant acids, with an earlier rise in concentrations followed by a decline in the last 15 years in Ailsa Craig; later temporal trends in Bass Rock eggs were unclear. Although eggs from both colonies contained relatively low concentrations of PFAS, the majority had PFOS residues that exceeded a suggested Predicted No Effect Concentration and ~ 10% of the eggs exceeded a suggested Lowest-Observable-Adverse-Effect.
我们比较了海洋哨兵物种北方塘鹅（Morus bassanus）的卵中持久性全氟化合物（PFAS）在爱尔兰海（艾尔萨克雷格）和北海（巴斯岩）的长期（1977 年至 2014 年）趋势。我们测定了八种全氟羧酸（PFCAs）和三种全氟磺酸（PFSAs）的浓度，并报告了英国海鸟在 PFOS 禁令之前和之后的 PFAS 的第一个数据集。两个繁殖地之间的∑PFAS 或∑PFSAs 没有显著差异。∑PFSAs 主导 PFAS 分布（>80%）；PFOS 占 PFSAs 的大部分（98-99%）。相比之下，艾尔萨克雷格的卵中∑PFCAs 浓度略高，但无显著差异，高于巴斯岩的卵。最丰富的 PFCAs 是全氟十三烷酸（PFTriDA）和全氟十一烷酸（PFUnA），它们与 PFOA 一起占∑PFCAs 的约 90%。∑PFSAs 和∑PFCAs 具有非常不同的时间趋势。两个繁殖地的卵中∑PFSAs 浓度在研究的早期阶段显著增加，但后来显著下降，表明 2000 年代 PFOS 生产逐步淘汰的有效性。相比之下，∑PFCAs 浓度在 20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代保持稳定且较低，表明环境污染最小，但随后在两个繁殖地均显著增加，直到研究结束。这种增加似乎是由长链化合物的增加引起的，即奇数链编号的 PFTriDA 和 PFUnA。PFOA 的时间趋势与其他主要酸不同，其浓度先上升，然后在艾尔萨克雷格的最后 15 年下降；巴斯岩卵的后期时间趋势不明确。尽管两个繁殖地的卵中 PFAS 浓度相对较低，但大多数卵中 PFOS 残留量超过建议的无明显影响浓度，且~10%的卵中 PFOS 残留量超过建议的最低可见不良效应浓度。
