Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), The Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway.
Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), The Fram Centre, 9296, Tromsø, Norway.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2022 Jun;41(6):1508-1519. doi: 10.1002/etc.5331. Epub 2022 May 17.
Fourteen legacy organochlorine (OC) contaminants and 12 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in eggs of tawny owls (Strix alueco) in central Norway (1986-2019). We expected OCs to have reached stable equilibrium levels due to bans, and that recent phase-out of some PFASs would have slowed the increase of these compounds. ∑OC comprised on average approximately 92% of the measured compounds, whereas ∑PFAS accounted for approximately 8%. However, whereas the ∑OC to ∑PFAS ratio was approximately 60 in the first 5 years of the study, it was only approximately 11 in the last 5 years. Both OC pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) showed substantial declines over the study period (~85%-98%): hexachlorocyclohexanes and chlordanes seemed to be levelling off, whereas p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and hexachlororbenzene (HCB), and most PCB congeners still seemed to decline at a more or less constant rate. While the concentration of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), the dominating PFAS, was reduced by approximately 43%, other perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs) showed only minor changes. Moreover, the median concentrations of seven perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) increased approximately five-fold over the study period. Perfluorononanoic acid and perfluoroundecanoate acid, however, seemed to be levelling off in recent years. In contrast, perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluorodecanoate acid, perfluorotridecanoic acid, and perfluorotetradecanoic acid seemed to increase more or less linearily. Finally, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was increasingly likely to be detected over the study period. Hence, most legacy OCs and PFOS have not reached a lower threshold with stable background levels, and voluntary elimination of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates still has not resulted in declining levels in tawny owls in central Norway. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1508-1519. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
在挪威中部（1986-2019 年），对仓鸮（Strix alueco）的卵进行了 14 种 legacy 有机氯（OC）污染物和 12 种全氟烷基物质（PFASs）的测量。我们预计由于禁令，OCs 已经达到了稳定的平衡水平，并且最近一些 PFASs 的淘汰将减缓这些化合物的增加。∑OC 平均约占测量化合物的 92%，而∑PFAS 约占 8%。然而，在研究的前 5 年，∑OC 与∑PFAS 的比值约为 60，而在最后 5 年，该比值仅约为 11。在研究期间，OC 农药和多氯联苯（PCBs）都有显著下降（~85%-98%）：六氯环己烷和氯丹似乎趋于稳定，而 p,p'-二氯二苯二氯乙烯（p,p'-DDE）和六氯苯（HCB）以及大多数 PCB 同系物似乎仍以或多或少恒定的速度下降。尽管全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的浓度（占主导地位的 PFAS）降低了约 43%，但其他全氟磺酸（PFSAs）仅发生了微小变化。此外，在研究期间，七种全氟羧酸（PFCAs）的中位数浓度增加了约五倍。然而，全氟壬酸和全氟十一烷酸近年来似乎趋于稳定。相比之下，全氟十二烷酸、全氟癸酸、全氟十三烷酸和全氟十四烷酸似乎或多或少呈线性增加。最后，全氟辛酸（PFOA）在研究期间越来越有可能被检测到。因此，大多数 legacy OC 和 PFOS 尚未达到稳定背景水平的较低阈值，而全氟烷基羧酸酯的自愿淘汰仍未导致挪威中部仓鸮体内水平下降。环境毒理化学 2022；41:1508-1519。© 2022 作者。环境毒理化学由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。
