Marmara University, Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations, Göztepe Kampüsü 34722, Kadiköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
Malmö University, Centre for Work Life and Evaluation Studies/Urban Studies, 205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
Int J Nurs Stud. 2020 Nov;111:103628. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103628. Epub 2020 May 15.
Globally, nurses are at high risk of exposure to workplace bullying, and there is a growing body of literature addressing bullying in the nursing profession. Yet, our understanding of cross-cultural variations in bullying among nurses is lacking. An analysis of what is currently known about bullying in different parts of the world is critical for our understanding of cross-cultural effects of bullying among nurses.
We aimed to examine workplace bullying research among nurses with the focus on sources, antecedents, outcomes and coping responses from a cross-cultural perspective during the years 2001-2019.
This is a scoping review of published literature on workplace bullying among nurses.
A literature search was conducted using the CINAHL, PubMed, PsychINFO and Web of Science databases. A total of 166 articles provided data from the following cultural clusters: Anglo, Latin Europe, Eastern Europe, Nordic Europe, Middle East, Latin America, Confucian Asia, Southern Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Studies were identified through a database search. Relevant data were extracted using a narrative approach. Categories were thematically organized according to the study topics. Cultural differences regarding the variation in the perceptions of and responses to bullying were analysed in relation to the cultural dimensions: power distance, assertiveness, in-group collectivism and performance orientation.
Research was mostly conducted in the Anglo cluster. Antecedents and outcomes of bullying were the most often studied topics across all cultural clusters. Vertical bullying was most prevalent in higher power distance cultures, whereas horizontal bullying was either more or equally prevalent in lower power distance cultures. The risk of bullying decreased as nurses' length of service and age increased in most of the clusters. Individual antecedents were more frequently reported in high in-group collectivist cultures. Organizational antecedents such as lack of bullying prevention measures, unsupportive leadership and stressful work characteristics were frequently reported across different cultural clusters. Yet, an organizational culture that tolerates bullying was most commonly addressed in Anglo, a highly performance-oriented culture. Negative outcomes of bullying were very similar across the world. Nurses used emotion-focused coping strategies more frequently almost in all clusters; yet, there were reports of problem-focused coping strategies especially in relatively higher assertiveness cultures.
Analysis revealed both similarities and differences in the nurses' reports of bullying by world region. Cultural factors were found to be important for understanding the variation in the nurses' perceptions of and responses to bullying.
在全球范围内，护士面临着遭受工作场所欺凌的高风险，并且越来越多的文献探讨了护理行业中的欺凌问题。然而，我们对护士之间跨文化欺凌差异的理解还很缺乏。分析目前全球不同地区关于欺凌的情况对于我们理解护士之间跨文化的欺凌效应至关重要。
本研究旨在从跨文化视角审视 2001 年至 2019 年间有关护士工作场所欺凌的研究，重点关注欺凌的来源、前因、后果和应对方式。
这是对有关护士工作场所欺凌的文献进行的范围综述。
使用 CINAHL、PubMed、PsychINFO 和 Web of Science 数据库进行文献检索。共有 166 篇文章提供了来自以下文化集群的数据：英裔、拉丁欧洲、东欧、北欧、中东、拉丁美洲、儒家亚洲、南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲。
通过数据库搜索确定研究。使用叙述性方法提取相关数据。根据研究主题，将类别按主题组织。根据权力距离、果断性、内群体集体主义和绩效导向这三个文化维度，分析了文化差异对欺凌的看法和反应的变化。
研究主要在英裔集群中进行。欺凌的前因和后果是所有文化集群中最常研究的主题。在权力距离较大的文化中，纵向欺凌更为普遍，而在权力距离较小的文化中，横向欺凌更为普遍或同样普遍。在大多数集群中，随着护士工作年限和年龄的增加，欺凌的风险降低。在高内群体集体主义文化中，更多地报告了个体前因。在不同的文化集群中，经常报告的组织前因包括缺乏欺凌预防措施、不支持的领导和压力大的工作特征。然而，在一个高度以绩效为导向的文化中，容忍欺凌的组织文化是最常见的。在世界各地，欺凌的负面后果非常相似。护士在几乎所有的集群中更频繁地使用情绪聚焦应对策略；然而，在相对果断性较高的文化中，也有报告使用问题聚焦应对策略。
分析揭示了按世界区域划分的护士对欺凌的报告既有相似之处，也有不同之处。文化因素对于理解护士对欺凌的看法和反应的差异很重要。
