College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Dec 1;164:4532-4546. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.042. Epub 2020 Sep 14.
Many by-products that are harmful to the environment and human health are generated during food processing. However, these wastes are often potential resources with high-added value. For example, crustacean waste contains large amounts of chitin. Chitin is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in natural macromolecules, and is a typical component of crustaceans, mollusks, insect exoskeleton and fungal cell walls. Chitosan is prepared by deacetylation of chitin and a copolymer of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine through β-(1 → 4)-glycosidic bonds. Chitosan has better solubility, biocompatibility and degradability compared with chitin. This review introduces the preparation, physicochemical properties, chemical and physical modification methods of chitosan, which could help us understand its biological activities and applications. According to the latest reports, the antibacterial activity, antioxidant, immune and antitumor activities of chitosan and its derivatives are summarized. Simultaneously, the various applications of chitosan and its derivatives are reviewed, including food, chemical, textile, medical and health, and functional materials. Finally, some insights into its future potential are provided, including novel modification methods, directional modification according to structure-activity relationship, activity and application development direction, etc.
在食品加工过程中会产生许多对环境和人体健康有害的副产品。然而，这些废物通常是具有高附加值的潜在资源。例如，甲壳类废物中含有大量的甲壳素。甲壳素是天然大分子中最丰富的多糖之一，是甲壳类动物、软体动物、昆虫外骨骼和真菌细胞壁的典型成分。壳聚糖是通过甲壳素的脱乙酰化和 D-葡萄糖胺和 N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖胺的共聚物通过β-（1→4）-糖苷键制备的。与甲壳素相比，壳聚糖具有更好的溶解性、生物相容性和可降解性。本综述介绍了壳聚糖的制备、物理化学性质、化学和物理改性方法，有助于我们了解其生物活性和应用。根据最新报道，总结了壳聚糖及其衍生物的抗菌活性、抗氧化、免疫和抗肿瘤活性。同时，综述了壳聚糖及其衍生物在食品、化学、纺织、医疗保健和功能材料等方面的各种应用。最后，对其未来的潜力提出了一些见解，包括新的改性方法、根据构效关系的定向改性、活性和应用开发方向等。
