Manios Yannis, Karaglani Eva, Thijs-Verhoeven Inge, Vlachopapadopoulou Elpis, Papazoglou Anastasia, Maragoudaki Eleni, Manikas Zafeiris, Kampani Tarek-Michail, Christaki Iliana, Vonk Marlotte M, Bos Rolf, Parikh Panam
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 1, 3818 LE Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
BMC Nutr. 2020 Sep 14;6:46. doi: 10.1186/s40795-020-00365-4. eCollection 2020.
Palmitic acid (PA) is predominantly esterified at the SN-2 position of triacylglycerols in human milk. PA at the SN-2 position is more efficiently absorbed and results in reduced formation of PA soaps, as well as reduced fatty acid (FA) and calcium malabsorption. Bovine milk fat (MF), a natural source of SN-2-palmitate, was used in the fat blend of infant formulae (IF) in the current study to investigate its effect on stool fatty acid soaps, calcium excretion and stool characteristics.
Two double-blind, randomised cross-over trials (CS1, CS2) were conducted in parallel with healthy term, formula-fed infants aged 9-14 weeks. After a two-week run-in period, infants in CS1 ( = 17) were randomly allocated to receive either a 50% MF-based formula (50MF) or a 100% vegetable fat (VF) formula; in CS2 ( = 18), infants received either a 20% MF-based formula (20MF) or the VF formula, in a 2 × 2-week cross-over design. At the end of each two-week intervention period, stool samples were collected for FA, FA soaps and calcium excretion analysis and stool consistency was assessed according to the Amsterdam Infant Stool Scale (AISS).
MF-based groups showed no significant difference in PA in stools compared to VF group, although reduced stool PA soaps (CS1: 111.28 ± 18.33 vs. 220.25 ± 29.35 mg/g dry weight, < 0.0001; CS2: 216.24 ± 25.16 vs. 233.94 ± 35.12 mg/g dry weight, = 0.0023), total FA soaps and calcium excretion (CS1: 46.40 ± 5.27 vs. 49.88 ± 4.77 mg/g dry weight, = 0.0041; CS2: 46.20 ± 4.26 vs. 50.47 ± 6.71 mg/g dry weight, = 0.0067) were observed. Furthermore, the 50MF group showed a favourable lower mean stool consistency score compared to the VF group (1.64 ± 0.49 vs. 2.03 ± 0.19, = 0.0008).
While the use of bovine MF in IF did not affect PA concentrations in stool, lower excretion of palmitate soaps, total FA soaps and calcium was seen in healthy term infants. 50MF formula also showed improved stool consistency. The use of MF in IF could be an interesting approach to improve gut comfort and stool characteristics in infants, warranting further research.
Netherlands Trial Registry Identifier: NTR6702. Date registered: December 01, 2017.
棕榈酸（PA）主要在人乳甘油三酯的sn-2位酯化。sn-2位的PA吸收效率更高，可减少PA皂的形成，以及减少脂肪酸（FA）和钙的吸收不良。牛乳脂肪（MF）是sn-2-棕榈酸酯的天然来源，在本研究中用于婴儿配方奶粉（IF）的脂肪混合物中，以研究其对粪便脂肪酸皂、钙排泄和粪便特征的影响。
对9-14周龄的健康足月儿、配方奶喂养婴儿进行了两项双盲、随机交叉试验（CS1、CS2）。经过两周的导入期后，CS1组（n = 17）的婴儿被随机分配接受50% MF配方奶（50MF）或100%植物油（VF）配方奶；在CS2组（n = 18）中，婴儿接受20% MF配方奶（20MF）或VF配方奶，采用2×2周交叉设计。在每个两周干预期结束时，收集粪便样本进行FA、FA皂和钙排泄分析，并根据阿姆斯特丹婴儿粪便量表（AISS）评估粪便稠度。
与VF组相比，MF组粪便中的PA无显著差异，尽管粪便PA皂减少（CS1：111.28±18.33 vs. 220.25±29.35mg/g干重，P<0.0001；CS2：216.24±25.16 vs. 233.94±35.12mg/g干重，P = 0.0023），总FA皂和钙排泄量也减少（CS1：46.40±5.27 vs. 49.88±4.77mg/g干重，P = 0.0041；CS2：46.20±4.26 vs. 50.47±6.71mg/g干重，P = 0.0067）。此外，与VF组相比，50MF组的平均粪便稠度评分更低（1.64±0.49 vs. 2.03±0.19，P = 0.0008）。
虽然在婴儿配方奶粉中使用牛乳MF不影响粪便中PA的浓度，但健康足月儿的棕榈酸皂、总FA皂和钙的排泄量较低。50MF配方奶还显示出粪便稠度改善。在婴儿配方奶粉中使用MF可能是改善婴儿肠道舒适度和粪便特征的一种有趣方法，值得进一步研究。
荷兰试验注册标识符：NTR6702。注册日期：2017年12月1日。
