Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2020 Dec;266:113355. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113355. Epub 2020 Sep 8.
Women experiencing poverty and women of color disproportionately experience intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. Economic policies targeting women at this intersection of poverty and IPV, including Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Minimum Wage (MW), and Earned Income Tax Credits (EITCs), may be powerful violence prevention tools. Using data from waves 1 (1998-2000) through 4 (2007-2010) of the U.S.-based Fragile Families and Child Well-being (FFCW) birth cohort study, we apply a difference-in-difference (DD) study design to estimate both the overall and race-specific effects of state-level economic policies on non-physical IPV and several intermediate outcomes. In DD models analyzing the difference in violence outcomes by intervention group (i.e., TANF exposure based on women's educational attainment, ≤high school vs >high school) and by race (African American (AA) vs White) few state-level TANF policies were associated with IPV victimization and the MW had no differential effect, but the refundable EITC was protective against IPV. Of the few TANF policies associated with IPV - sanctions and the ratio of families receiving TANF for every 100 families in poverty (the TANF-to-Poverty Ratio (TPR)) - those linked with fewer TANF restrictions seemed to increase coercive victimization, especially among AA women. With regard to intermediate variables, we found no overall impact of economic policies on depression or economic hardship, while monetary benefits and the TPR, were associated with a decrease in employment. The effect of TANF policies by race on intermediate outcomes was complex and analyses suggest that while White women are more likely to be employed when TANF time limits are in place, they also experience larger increases in economic hardship events compared to AA women. Research into the effects of cash transfer conditionality on mediators, including economic instability, perceived stress, bargaining power, and coercive IPV to interfere with TANF compliance, is needed.
经历贫困和种族歧视的女性不成比例地遭受亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）侵害。针对贫困和 IPV 交叉点的女性的经济政策，包括贫困家庭临时援助（TANF）、最低工资（MW）和劳动所得税抵免（EITC），可能是强大的预防暴力工具。本研究利用基于美国的脆弱家庭和儿童福利（FFCW）出生队列研究的第 1 波（1998-2000 年）至第 4 波（2007-2010 年）的数据，采用差分（DD）研究设计，估计州一级经济政策对非身体 IPV 和几个中间结果的总体影响和种族特异性影响。在 DD 模型中，根据女性的教育程度，分析干预组（即基于 TANF 暴露的 TANF 暴露，高中以下 vs 高中以上）和种族（非裔美国人（AA）与白人）之间暴力结果的差异，很少有州一级的 TANF 政策与 IPV 受害有关，MW 没有差异效应，但可退还的 EITC 可预防 IPV。在与 IPV 相关的少数 TANF 政策中——制裁和每 100 个贫困家庭中接受 TANF 的家庭比例（TANF 与贫困比例（TPR））——那些与较少 TANF 限制相关的政策似乎增加了强制性受害，尤其是在 AA 女性中。关于中间变量，我们没有发现经济政策对抑郁或经济困难的总体影响，而货币福利和 TPR 与就业减少有关。经济政策对中间结果的种族影响是复杂的，分析表明，虽然 TANF 时间限制到位时，白人女性更有可能就业，但与 AA 女性相比，她们也经历了更大的经济困难事件增加。需要研究现金转移条件对中介的影响，包括经济不稳定、感知压力、讨价还价能力和强制性 IPV 干扰 TANF 合规性。
