Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616-8732, USA.
BMC Vet Res. 2020 Sep 22;16(1):348. doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02578-y.
Echocardiography is commonly used for assessing cardiac structure and function in various species including non-human primates. A few previous studies reported normal echocardiographic reference intervals of clinically healthy rhesus macaques under sedation. However, these studies were under-powered, and the techniques were not standardized. In addition, body weight, age, and sex matched reference intervals should be established as echocardiographic measurements are commonly influenced by these variables. The purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals for complete echocardiographic parameters based on a large cohort of clinically healthy rhesus macaques with wide ranges of weight and age distributions using allometric scaling.
A total of 823 rhesus macaques (ages 6 months to 31 years old; body weights 1.4 to 22.6 kg) were enrolled. Of these rhesus macaques, 421 were males and 402 were females. They were assessed with a complete echocardiographic examination including structural and functional evaluation under sedation with ketamine hydrochloride. The reference intervals of the key echocardiographic parameters were indexed to weight, age, and sex by calculating the coefficients of the allometric eq. Y = aM. On correlation matrix, body weight, age, sex, and heart rate were significantly correlated with various echocardiographic parameters and some of the parameters were strongly correlated with body weight and age. Multiple regression analysis revealed that heart rate and body weight statistically significantly predicted several echocardiographic parameters. Valve regurgitation including tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic, and mitral regurgitations without other cardiac structural and functional abnormalities are common in clinically healthy rhesus macaques under ketamine sedation.
In this study, the reference intervals of echocardiographic parameters were established by performing complete echocardiographic examinations on a large number of clinical healthy rhesus macaques. In addition, allometric scaling was performed based on their weight, and further indexed to age and sex. These allometrically scaled reference intervals can be used to accurately evaluate echocardiographic data in rhesus macaques and diagnose structural and functional evidence of cardiac disease.
超声心动图常用于评估包括非人类灵长类动物在内的各种物种的心脏结构和功能。以前有几项研究报告了在镇静状态下临床健康恒河猴的正常超声心动图参考区间。然而，这些研究的效力不足，而且技术没有标准化。此外，应该建立体重、年龄和性别匹配的参考区间，因为超声心动图测量通常受到这些变量的影响。本研究的目的是利用恒河猴广泛的体重和年龄分布，通过比较身体尺寸，基于大量临床健康恒河猴的队列建立全面超声心动图参数的参考区间。
共纳入 823 只恒河猴（6 月龄至 31 岁；体重 1.4 至 22.6 公斤）。其中 421 只为雄性，402 只为雌性。在氯胺酮镇静下进行全面超声心动图检查，包括结构和功能评估。通过计算比例方程 Y=aM 的系数，将关键超声心动图参数的参考区间按体重、年龄和性别进行指数化。在相关矩阵中，体重、年龄、性别和心率与各种超声心动图参数显著相关，其中一些参数与体重和年龄呈强相关。多元回归分析显示，心率和体重统计学上显著预测了几个超声心动图参数。在氯胺酮镇静下，临床健康恒河猴常出现三尖瓣、主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣和二尖瓣反流等瓣膜反流，而无其他心脏结构和功能异常。
在这项研究中，通过对大量临床健康恒河猴进行全面超声心动图检查，建立了超声心动图参数的参考区间。此外，还根据体重进行了比较身体尺寸，并进一步按年龄和性别进行了指数化。这些比例标准化的参考区间可用于准确评估恒河猴的超声心动图数据，并诊断心脏疾病的结构和功能证据。
