University of Lagos, Department of Zoology, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria.
Covenant University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Braz J Biol. 2021 Jul-Sep;81(3):822-834. doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.236427. Epub 2021 Aug 31.
This study was aimed at determining the concentration of pyrethroid in the surface water, sediment, Weyonia acuminata and Synodontis clarias fish in Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. In-situ physicochemical analysis of the surface water was conducted using a calibrated handheld multi-parameter probe (Horiba Checker Model U-10). Intestinal samples from infected and uninfected fish were analyzed for pyrethroid concentrations, microbial colonization, proteins (PRO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The histopathology of infected and uninfected intestinal tissues were analyzed using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains and examined under a binocular light microscope (Model 230485). A total of 39 out of 98 S. clarias fish were infected with cestode parasite, Wenyonia acuminate, amounting to 39% parasite prevalence. Among the tested pyrethroids, Cyfluthrin and Alpha -cypermethrin had significant sorption of 1.62 and 3.27 respectively from the aqueous phase to the bottom sediment of the lagoon. Pyrethroid concentration was in the order of sediment > parasite> water > intestine> liver. The cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL (low density lipids) in the parasite were higher than in the host fish (p<0.05). On the other hand, the fish hepatic protein, high density lipids (HDL) and glucose were higher than the levels in the parasites (p<0.05). There was a high prevalence of gut microbes (30 - 40%), which include Salmonella sp, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp among individuals infected with gut Cestodes, Wenyonia sp compared with uninfected individual which had higher gut Staphylococcus sp., Klebsiella sp., and Proteus sp. (10- 40%). among the congeners of pyrethroids analyzed, Cyfluthrin > Alpha-Cyermethrin had significant sorption on the sediment, however unlike a benthopelagic fish, no pyrethroid was accumulated in the S. clarias from the sediment. The fish however accumulated Alpha-Cypermethrin from the aqueous phase. The parasite on the other hand accumulated Bathroid significantly from the surface water and bottom sediment which may be linked to the higher stress levels observed in the parasite than the host fish. The parasite in turn inflicted histological alterations on the host intestine, marked by moderate inflammation of mucosa, alteration of the villi microstructure, moderate stunting of the villous structure and moderate fibrosis of villous structure. The study demonstrated the efficiency of histopathological and microbial analysis in biomonitoring studies enteric parasites and early detection of pyrethroid toxicity respectively compared to bioaccumulation analysis.
本研究旨在测定尼日利亚拉各斯莱基泻湖地表水、沉积物、非洲肺鱼和尖嘴鱚鱼体内拟除虫菊酯的浓度。使用经过校准的手持式多参数探头（Horiba Checker Model U-10）对地表水进行原位理化分析。对感染和未感染鱼类的肠道样本进行拟除虫菊酯浓度、微生物定植、蛋白质（PRO）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）分析。使用苏木精和曙红（H&E）染色分析感染和未感染的肠道组织，并在双目显微镜（Model 230485）下观察。在 98 条尖嘴鱚鱼中，共有 39 条感染了带绦虫寄生虫威尼翁线虫，感染率为 39%。在所测试的拟除虫菊酯中，氯氟氰菊酯和α-氯氰菊酯分别从水相向泻湖底沉积物的吸附率分别为 1.62 和 3.27。拟除虫菊酯的浓度顺序为沉积物>寄生虫>水>肠>肝。寄生虫中的胆固醇、甘油三酯和 LDL（低密度脂蛋白）高于宿主鱼类（p<0.05）。另一方面，鱼类肝蛋白、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）和葡萄糖水平高于寄生虫（p<0.05）。感染肠道绦虫的个体肠道微生物（30-40%）的高流行率，包括沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、假单胞菌和芽孢杆菌，而未感染个体肠道微生物（30-40%）的金黄色葡萄球菌、克雷伯氏菌和变形杆菌水平较高。在所分析的拟除虫菊酯同系物中，氯氟氰菊酯>α-氯氰菊酯对沉积物有显著的吸附作用，但与底栖洄游鱼类不同的是，没有拟除虫菊酯从沉积物中积累在尖嘴鱚鱼体内。然而，这种鱼从水相中积累了α-氯氰菊酯。另一方面，寄生虫从地表水和底沉积物中显著积累了贝氏拟除虫菊酯，这可能与寄生虫比宿主鱼类观察到的更高的应激水平有关。寄生虫反过来对宿主肠道造成组织学改变，表现为黏膜中度炎症、绒毛微观结构改变、绒毛结构中度发育不良和绒毛结构中度纤维化。该研究表明，与生物积累分析相比，组织病理学和微生物分析在肠道寄生虫的生物监测研究和拟除虫菊酯毒性的早期检测中分别具有更高的效率。
