Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 2, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290.
Environ Geochem Health. 2022 Feb;44(2):433-445. doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00727-8. Epub 2020 Sep 26.
Phyto- and bioremediation are perspective methods for soil recultivation. In spite of resistance of plant-hyperaccumulators and degrading microorganisms to some contaminants, there are soil toxicity limits for their growth and activity. Therefore, simple and express methods are needed to estimate the soil phytotoxicity. This article is devoted to description of an express-phytotest evaluated by germination rate of white clover (Trifolium repens) (Ph) for estimating phytotoxicity of contaminated soils. This phytotest was developed on the example of grey forest soil contaminated with diesel fuel or copper(II) and approbated during our long-year experiments on adsorptive bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils. The sensitivity of the phytotest values Ph to these contaminants is much higher compared to those phytotests evaluated by germination of larger seeds: cress (Lepidium sativum), and wheat (Triticum vulgare). A significant increase of Ph in those soils by 10% was already recorded at 50-100 mg of available Cu kg and 1-5 g total petroleum hydrocarbons kg, depending on the hydrocarbon composition. The sensitivity of the standard phytotests evaluated by root length of wheat seedlings or by plant (T. vulgare or T. repens) biomass is higher than that of Ph determination. However, bio- and phytoremediation are mostly applied for heavily contaminated soils. Therefore, use of the simple and cheap express phytotest for choosing optimal conditions of the soil remediation and following the process is quite justified. Besides, measuring an additional parameter-root length of the white clover seedlings may significantly increase the sensitivity of the express phytotest for lower contaminated soils.
植物修复和生物修复是土壤修复的有前景的方法。尽管植物超富集物和降解微生物对某些污染物具有抗性，但它们的生长和活性仍存在土壤毒性极限。因此，需要简单且快速的方法来评估土壤的植物毒性。本文介绍了一种快速植物测试，通过白三叶草（Trifolium repens）的发芽率（Ph）来评估污染土壤的植物毒性。该植物测试是在受柴油或铜(II)污染的灰色森林土壤的基础上开发的，并在我们多年的石油污染土壤吸附生物修复实验中进行了验证。与发芽较大种子（荠、小麦）的植物测试相比，Ph 值对这些污染物的敏感性要高得多。在这些土壤中，Ph 值在 50-100 mg 有效 Cu/kg 和 1-5 g 总石油烃/kg 时就已经显著增加，具体取决于烃类的组成。标准植物测试，通过小麦幼苗的根长或植物（Triticum vulgare 或 Trifolium repens）生物量来评估，其敏感性高于 Ph 值的测定。然而，生物修复和植物修复主要应用于污染严重的土壤。因此，使用简单且廉价的快速植物测试来选择土壤修复的最佳条件并跟踪修复过程是合理的。此外，测量白三叶草幼苗的根长这一额外参数可以显著提高对污染程度较低土壤的快速植物测试的敏感性。
