Department of Medicine, Cardiology and Nuclear Imaging Division, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
Recife Medical School, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2021 Apr;58:102-110. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.09.002. Epub 2020 Sep 21.
The severe form of COVID-19 is marked by an abnormal and exacerbated immunological host response favoring to a poor outcome in a significant number of patients, especially those with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The chronic inflammatory process found in these cardiometabolic comorbidities is marked by the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumoral necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which are products of the Toll-Like receptors 4 (TLR4) pathway. The SARS-CoV-2 initially infects cells in the upper respiratory tract and, in some patients, spread very quickly, needing respiratory support and systemically, causing collateral damage in tissues. We hypothesize that this happens because the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts strongly with TLR4, causing an intensely exacerbated immune response in the host's lungs, culminating with the cytokine storm, accumulating secretions and hindering blood oxygenation, along with the immune system attacks the body, leading to multiple organ failure.
COVID-19 的严重形式以异常和加剧的免疫宿主反应为特征,有利于相当数量的患者(尤其是肥胖、糖尿病、高血压和动脉粥样硬化患者)的不良预后。这些心血管代谢合并症中发现的慢性炎症过程的特征是促炎细胞因子(如白细胞介素-6 (IL-6) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α))的过度表达,这些细胞因子是 Toll 样受体 4 (TLR4) 途径的产物。SARS-CoV-2 最初感染上呼吸道的细胞,在一些患者中,病毒传播非常迅速,需要呼吸支持和全身性支持,导致组织的附带损伤。我们假设这种情况发生是因为 SARS-CoV-2 的刺突蛋白与 TLR4 强烈相互作用,导致宿主肺部的免疫反应强烈加剧,最终导致细胞因子风暴,积聚分泌物并阻碍血氧合,同时免疫系统攻击身体,导致多器官衰竭。
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