College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
Shandong Geo-Environmental Monitoring Station, Jinan, 250014, China.
Environ Geochem Health. 2021 Jan;43(1):407-421. doi: 10.1007/s10653-020-00729-6. Epub 2020 Sep 28.
This study aimed to identify the spatial patterns of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including the spatial distribution, spatial autocorrelation, and risk probability, and to quantify the sources of PTEs, to provide guidelines for soil management. Spatial distributions and probabilities of PTEs were determined by empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK), while spatial autocorrelation was estimated by Moran's I. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was adopted for the quantitative source contributions of PTEs. More than 64.6% of Co, Cr, Mn, and Ni were derived from geogenic sources, with high regions and high-high clusters both correlated to sandstone. Thus, it can be deduced that parent materials dominated the spatial patterns of these PTEs. In addition, some hotspots were situated in urban areas, and the influence of human activities on these four PTEs should be considered. Industry-traffic discharge and parent materials both influenced As, Cu, Pb, and Zn. Nonetheless, the spatial patterns of As, Cu, Pb, and Zn were formed by anthropogenic emissions since hotspots and high-high clusters were contiguously situated in urban areas. 58.5% of Hg originated from atmospheric deposition related to industrial emissions, and 47.2% of Cd was controlled by the application of chemical fertilizers. High levels of Hg and Cd mainly corresponded with industrial sites and cultivated land, suggesting that industrial and geoponic production played major roles in the generation of spatial patterns for Hg and Cd, respectively. Furthermore, the Cd and Hg posed a severe risk to soils, with a high probability to surpass 1.5 times the backgrounds. The EBK, Moran's I, and PMF results showed that all ten PTEs were enriched to some degree due to natural or anthropogenic factors. The results of geostatistical analysis and the receptor model can be mutually verified, indicating the reliability of these methods.
本研究旨在识别潜在有毒元素 (PTEs) 的空间格局，包括空间分布、空间自相关和风险概率，并量化 PTEs 的来源，为土壤管理提供指导。通过经验贝叶斯克里金法（EBK）确定 PTEs 的空间分布和概率，通过 Moran's I 估计空间自相关。采用正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）定量源贡献。超过 64.6%的 Co、Cr、Mn 和 Ni 来自地球成因源，高值区和高-高聚类都与砂岩相关。因此，可以推断母质主导了这些 PTEs 的空间格局。此外，一些热点位于城市地区，人类活动对这四种 PTEs 的影响应加以考虑。工业-交通排放和母质都影响 As、Cu、Pb 和 Zn。然而，由于热点和高-高聚类连续分布在城市地区，As、Cu、Pb 和 Zn 的空间格局是由人为排放形成的。58.5%的 Hg 来自与工业排放有关的大气沉积，47.2%的 Cd 受化肥施用的控制。高浓度的 Hg 和 Cd 主要与工业场地和耕地相对应，表明工业和农业生产分别在 Hg 和 Cd 空间格局的产生中发挥了主要作用。此外，Cd 和 Hg 对土壤构成了严重的风险，其高概率超过背景值的 1.5 倍。EBK、Moran's I 和 PMF 的结果表明，由于自然或人为因素，所有十种 PTEs 都在一定程度上富集。地统计分析和受体模型的结果可以相互验证，表明这些方法的可靠性。
