Department of Philosophy, University of California, Santa Barbara, California.
Bioethics. 2020 Nov;34(9):912-917. doi: 10.1111/bioe.12811. Epub 2020 Sep 29.
There is no quick and easy answer to the question whether research activities that endanger bystanders without their consent ever thereby violate those bystanders' rights. We cannot dismiss the idea that bystanders possess strong rights against researchers simply on the grounds that they are, after all, merely bystanders. Indeed, it is easy to imagine scenarios in which researchers would be morally required to gain the informed consent of bystanders whom they risk harming. Whether bystander consent is required in any particular real-world case will depend, in part, upon exactly how the research activity endangers them.
是否有研究活动在未经同意的情况下危及旁观者，从而侵犯了这些旁观者的权利，这个问题没有简单的答案。我们不能仅仅因为旁观者毕竟只是旁观者，就轻易否定他们拥有对抗研究者的强烈权利。事实上，我们很容易想象这样的情景：研究者在冒着伤害旁观者的风险时，从道德上讲，就必须获得这些旁观者的知情同意。在任何特定的现实案例中，是否需要旁观者的同意，部分取决于研究活动究竟是如何危及他们的。
