Rutgers University School of Law, Camden, NJ, 08102-1519, USA.
Bioethics. 2020 Nov;34(9):899-905. doi: 10.1111/bioe.12743. Epub 2020 Apr 7.
Subjects in studies on humans are used as a means of conducting the research and achieving whatever good would justify putting them at risk. Accordingly, consent must normally be obtained before subjects are exposed to any substantial risks to their welfare. Bystanders are also often put at risk, but they are not used as a means. Accordingly-or so I argue-consent is more often unnecessary before bystanders are exposed to similar substantial risks to their welfare.
在以人为研究对象的研究中，会将人作为一种手段来进行研究，以实现任何有理由让人承担风险的好处。因此，通常必须在研究对象面临对其福利造成实质性风险之前获得同意。旁观者也经常面临风险，但他们不作为一种手段。因此——或者我认为——在旁观者面临类似对其福利造成实质性风险之前，同意通常不是必需的。
