Di Giuseppe Mariagrazia, Perry John Christopher, Lucchesi Matilde, Michelini Monica, Vitiello Sara, Piantanida Aurora, Fabiani Matilde, Maffei Sara, Conversano Ciro
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Critical and Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Community and Family Psychiatry, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Front Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 26;11:870. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00870. eCollection 2020.
Defense mechanisms are psychological factors that influence emotional distress and quality of life. There are a number of measures assessing the construct of defense mechanisms, but only few available instruments reflect the gold-standard theoretical hierarchical organization of defenses. We report on the development of a novel 30 item self-report questionnaire, the DMRS-SR-30, based on the parent instrument, the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales (DMRS). This study tested preliminary reliability and validity of the Italian version of the DMRS-SR-30. We first extracted 30 items from the DMRS Q-sort version (DMRS-Q) and adapted them for a self-reported format. We then applied the DMRS quantitative scoring algorithms to provide proportional scores for the 28 individual defenses and summary scores for seven defense levels and overall defensive functioning (ODF) scores. A dynamic interview was used for assessing participant's defense mechanisms with the observer-rated DMRS and DMRS-Q. We examined internal consistency of the scales along with criterion, concurrent, convergent and discriminant validity among participants (N = 94) who completed the DMRS-SR-30, SCL-90, BDI, and IES-R. Results showed very good internal consistency for ODF (Cronbach's alpha = .890) and the high adaptive defense level, whereas some subscales with few items had lower values. Correlation analyses between DMRS-SR-30 and the two DMRS-based observer-rated measures showed very good criterion and concurrent validity for ODF and moderate to high for defense levels subscales. Correlations between the DMRS-SR-30 ODF and SCL-90 GSI, BDI and IES=R (r = -.456, r= -.540, r = -.402, respectively, all p <.001), indicated good convergent validity. Despite the well-known limitations of self-report methods of psychodynamic phenomena, self-report measures are highly practicable for assessing large samples. The DMRS-SR-30 is the first self-assessed measure describing the whole hierarchy of 28 defense mechanisms and providing scores for ODF, defensive categories, defense levels, and individual defenses. Preliminary examination of the Italian version of the DMRS-SR-30 showed promising results of internal consistency, criterion and concurrent validity, and convergent validity and of the measure. Further validation is needed to confirm these findings and explore other aspects of validity and reliability.
防御机制是影响情绪困扰和生活质量的心理因素。有多种评估防御机制结构的方法，但只有少数现有工具反映了防御机制的金标准理论层次组织。我们报告了一种基于母工具防御机制评定量表（DMRS）的新型30项自陈问卷DMRS-SR-30的开发情况。本研究测试了意大利语版DMRS-SR-30的初步信效度。我们首先从DMRS Q分类版（DMRS-Q）中提取30个项目，并将其改编为自陈格式。然后应用DMRS定量评分算法为28种个体防御机制提供比例分数，为七个防御水平和整体防御功能（ODF）分数提供汇总分数。使用动态访谈通过观察者评定的DMRS和DMRS-Q来评估参与者的防御机制。我们在完成DMRS-SR-30、SCL-90、BDI和IES-R的参与者（N = 94）中检查了量表的内部一致性以及效标效度、同时效度、聚合效度和区分效度。结果显示ODF（克朗巴哈系数α = 0.890）和高适应性防御水平具有非常好的内部一致性，而一些项目较少的子量表值较低。DMRS-SR-30与两种基于DMRS的观察者评定测量之间的相关性分析显示，ODF具有非常好的效标效度和同时效度，防御水平子量表具有中等至高的效度。DMRS-SR-30的ODF与SCL-90的总体症状指数（GSI）、BDI和IES-R之间的相关性（分别为r = -0.456、r = -0.540、r = -0.402，均p <.001）表明具有良好的聚合效度。尽管心理动力学现象的自陈方法存在众所周知的局限性，但自陈测量对于评估大样本非常实用。DMRS-SR-30是第一个描述28种防御机制完整层次结构并为ODF、防御类别、防御水平和个体防御机制提供分数的自我评估测量工具。对意大利语版DMRS-SR-30的初步检验显示了该测量工具在内部一致性、效标效度、同时效度和聚合效度方面的有前景的结果。需要进一步验证以确认这些发现并探索效度和信度的其他方面。
