The influence of climate and habitat on stable isotope signatures and the isotopic niche of nestling White-headed Woodpeckers ().

The majority of landbird species feed their nestlings arthropods and variation in arthropod populations can impact reproductive outcomes in these species. Arthropod populations in turn are influenced by climate because temperature affects survival and reproduction, and larval development. Thus, climate factors have the potential to influence many bird species during their reproductive phases. In this study, we assessed climate factors that impact the diet of nestling White-headed Woodpecker (), an at-risk keystone species in much of its range in western North America. To do this, we measured stable isotope signatures (δC and δN) in 152 nestlings across six years and linked variation in isotopic values to winter (December-February) and spring (June) precipitation and temperature using mixed effects models. We also explored habitat factors that may impact δC and δN and the relationship between δN and nest productivity. Last, we estimated isotopic niche width for nestlings in different watersheds and years using Bayesian standard ellipses, which allowed us to compare dietary niche width and overlap. We found that colder winter temperatures were associated with an increase in δN and δN levels had a weak positive relationship with nest productivity. We also found that sites with a more diverse tree community were associated with a broader isotopic niche width in nestlings. Our findings suggest that nestling diet is affected by climate, and under future warming climate scenarios, White-headed Woodpecker nestling diet may shift in favor of lower trophic level prey (prey with lower δN levels). The impact of such changes on woodpecker populations merits further study.