Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea.
Pharmacol Res. 2021 Jan;163:105221. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105221. Epub 2020 Sep 29.
Gintonin is a novel glycolipoprotein, which has been abundantly found in the root of Korean ginseng. It holds lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs), primarily identified LPA C18:2, and is an exogenous agonist of LPA receptors (LPARs). Gintonin maintains blood-brain barrier integrity, and it has recently been studied in several models of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Gintonin demonstrated neuroprotective activity by providing action against neuroinflammation-, apoptosis- and oxidative stress-mediated neurodegeneration. Gintonin showed an emerging role as a modulator of synaptic transmission and neurogenesis and also potentially regulated autophagy in primary cortical astrocytes. It also ameliorated the toxic agent-induced and genetic models of cognitive deficits in experimental NDDs. As a novel agonist of LPARs, gintonin regulated several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including GPR40 and GPR55. However, further study needs to be investigated to understand the underlying mechanism of action of gintonin in memory disorders.
金雀异黄素是一种新型糖脂蛋白，大量存在于高丽参的根部。它含有溶血磷脂酸（LPAs），主要是 LPA C18:2，是 LPA 受体（LPARs）的外源性激动剂。金雀异黄素可维持血脑屏障的完整性，目前已在几种神经退行性疾病（NDDs）模型中进行了研究，如阿尔茨海默病（AD）、帕金森病、亨廷顿病和肌萎缩侧索硬化症。金雀异黄素通过对抗神经炎症、细胞凋亡和氧化应激介导的神经退行性变，显示出神经保护活性。金雀异黄素作为一种突触传递和神经发生的调节剂，以及潜在的自噬调节剂，在原代皮质星形胶质细胞中表现出新兴作用。它还改善了实验性 NDD 中神经毒性物质诱导和遗传模型的认知缺陷。作为 LPARs 的新型激动剂，金雀异黄素调节了几种 G 蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs），包括 GPR40 和 GPR55。然而，需要进一步研究来了解金雀异黄素在记忆障碍中的作用机制。
