Influence of multi-axial dynamic constraint on cell alignment and contractility in engineered tissues.

In this study an experimental rig is developed to investigate the influence of tissue constraint and cyclic loading on cell alignment and active cell force generation in uniaxial and biaxial engineered tissues constructs. Addition of contractile cells to collagen hydrogels dramatically increases the measured forces in uniaxial and biaxial constructs under dynamic loading. This increase in measured force is due to active cell contractility, as is evident from the decreased force after treatment with cytochalasin D. Prior to dynamic loading, cells are highly aligned in uniaxially constrained tissues but are uniformly distributed in biaxially constrained tissues, demonstrating the importance of tissue constraints on cell alignment. Dynamic uniaxial stretching resulted in a slight increase in cell alignment in the centre of the tissue, whereas dynamic biaxial stretching had no significant effect on cell alignment. Our active modelling framework accurately predicts our experimental trends and suggests that a slightly higher (3%) total SF formation occurs at the centre of a biaxial tissue compared to the uniaxial tissue. However, high alignment of SFs and lateral compaction in the case of the uniaxially constrained tissue results in a significantly higher (75%) actively generated cell contractile stress, compared to the biaxially constrained tissue. These findings have significant implications for engineering of contractile tissue constructs.