Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA.
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA.
J Environ Manage. 2021 Jan 1;277:111409. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111409. Epub 2020 Oct 1.
A new Green Infrastructure Placement Tool coupled with Storm Water Management Model (GIP-SWMM) is developed for selection and strategic placement of Green Infrastructure (GI) practices. The tool supports GI placement at multiple scales - from a few city blocks to large watersheds. GI is a multi-benefit option for stormwater management and can revitalize communities while reducing sewage overflows and improving runoff quality. However, cost-effective planning and placement of GI to achieve management goals remains a challenge and requires an integrated watershed approach. An optimization approach was developed coupled with the SWMM to find optimal combination and placement of GI to meet target flow and pollutant load reduction while minimizing cost at a watershed scale. The tool includes 13 GI types and selection and placement of GI within a watershed is based on their capital cost and effectiveness. The tool generates cost-effectiveness curves (cost vs size of GIs) for discharge and pollutants. GIP-SWMM provides a means for objective analysis of managing alternatives among multiple interacting and competing options. The desired outcome from the system application is a thorough, practical, and informative assessment considering economic, and engineering factors. The performance of the tool was evaluated in the Meade-Hawthorne drainage basin in Rapid City, South Dakota. GI placement options were assessed for multiple target levels for discharge, TSS, E coli, and Fecal coliform. Cost-effectiveness curves were developed for discharge, TSS, E coli, and Fecal coliform. Total GI cost increased as the target discharge, TSS, E coli, and Fecal coliform concentration at the outlet of the watershed was reduced. The tool placed a larger percentage of the GIs at the locations where most of the discharge and pollutant loads originated. This case study demonstrates that GIP-SWMM is a planning level decision support framework that allows for optimization of GIs and is adaptable for use in addressing regulatory compliance and practices across the U.S.
开发了一种新的绿色基础设施布置工具（GIP-SWMM），结合雨水管理模型，用于选择和战略性布置绿色基础设施（GI）措施。该工具支持在多个尺度上进行 GI 布置，从几个城市街区到大型流域。GI 是雨水管理的多效益选择，可在减少污水溢流量和改善径流质量的同时振兴社区。然而，实现管理目标的经济高效规划和布置 GI 仍然是一个挑战，需要采用综合流域方法。开发了一种优化方法，与 SWMM 耦合，以找到最佳的 GI 组合和布置，以在流域尺度上实现目标流量和污染物负荷减少，同时使成本最小化。该工具包括 13 种 GI 类型，在流域内选择和布置 GI 是基于其资本成本和有效性。该工具生成排放和污染物的成本效益曲线（成本与 GI 规模的关系）。GIP-SWMM 为在多个相互作用和竞争的方案中管理替代方案提供了一种客观分析的手段。系统应用的期望结果是在考虑经济和工程因素的情况下，进行全面、实用和信息丰富的评估。该工具的性能在南达科他州拉皮德城的米德-霍桑排水流域进行了评估。为多个排放、TSS、大肠杆菌和粪大肠菌群的目标水平评估了 GI 布置方案。为排放、TSS、大肠杆菌和粪大肠菌群开发了成本效益曲线。随着流域出口处的目标排放量、TSS、大肠杆菌和粪大肠菌群浓度的降低，GI 总成本增加。该工具将更大比例的 GI 布置在排放和污染物负荷主要来源的位置。该案例研究表明，GIP-SWMM 是一个规划层面的决策支持框架，允许对 GI 进行优化，并且可以适应于解决美国各地的法规遵从性和实践问题。
