Dep. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State Univ., 1372 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2020 May;49(3):534-544. doi: 10.1002/jeq2.20031. Epub 2020 Jan 23.
Many states are adopting more stringent nutrient load restrictions, requiring utilities to invest in costly improvements. To date, substantial research has been done to independently assess the nutrient removal efficacy of wastewater treatment technologies and stormwater control measures. The analysis presented here provides a unique assessment by evaluating combinations of nutrient load reduction strategies across water supply, wastewater, and stormwater sectors. A demonstration study was conducted evaluating 7812 cross-sector removal strategies in the urban water system using empirical models to quantify efficacy of common wastewater treatment, water management, and stormwater control measures (SCMs). Pareto optimal solutions were evaluated to identify the most cost-effective strategies. To meet stringent nutrient requirements, wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) will likely require advanced biological nutrient removal with carbon and ferric addition. Even with these technologies, WWTFs may still be unable to obtain target nutrient requirements. In addition, municipalities can consider water management practices and SCMs to further reduce nutrient loading or provide a more cost-effective nutrient removal strategy. For water management practices, source separation and effluent reuse were frequently identified as part of the most effective nutrient strategies but face engineering, political, and social adoption barriers. Similarly, SCMs were frequently part of effective nutrient removal strategies compared to only adopting nutrient removal practices at WWTFs. This research provides the framework and demonstrates the value in using an urban water system approach to identify optimal nutrient removal strategies that can be easily applied to other urban areas.
许多州正在采取更严格的营养负荷限制措施，要求公用事业公司投资进行昂贵的改进。迄今为止，已经进行了大量的研究来独立评估废水处理技术和雨水控制措施的营养去除效果。这里提出的分析通过评估供水、废水和雨水部门的营养负荷减少策略组合提供了独特的评估。进行了一项示范研究，使用经验模型评估了城市水系统中的 7812 种跨部门去除策略，以量化常见废水处理、水管理和雨水控制措施（SCMs）的效果。评估了帕累托最优解以确定最具成本效益的策略。为了满足严格的营养要求，废水处理设施（WWTF）可能需要添加碳和铁的高级生物营养去除。即使使用这些技术，WWTF 仍可能无法达到目标营养要求。此外，市政当局可以考虑水管理实践和 SCM 以进一步减少营养负荷或提供更具成本效益的营养去除策略。对于水管理实践，源头分离和废水再利用经常被确定为最有效的营养策略的一部分，但面临工程、政治和社会采用障碍。同样，与仅在 WWTF 处采用营养去除实践相比，SCM 经常是有效营养去除策略的一部分。本研究提供了一个框架，并展示了使用城市水系统方法来确定最佳营养去除策略的价值，这些策略可以轻松应用于其他城市地区。
