Use of Sonomyographic Sensing to Estimate Knee Angular Velocity During Varying Modes of Ambulation.

Ultrasound (US) imaging of muscle has been introduced as a promising sensing modality for assistive device control. Ten able-bodied subjects completed level, incline and decline walking on a treadmill in a motion capture laboratory while wearing reflective markers on upper- and lower-body. A wearable US transducer was affixed to subjects' anterior thigh, and time-intensity features were extracted from transverse US images of the knee extensor muscles. These features were used to train and test Gaussian process regression models for continuous estimation of knee flexion/extension angular velocity. Four regression models were evaluated: (1) subject-dependent/task-specific, (2) subject-dependent/pooled-tasks, (3) subject-independent/task-specific, and (4) subject-independent/pooled-tasks. Subject-independent models were "tuned" with up to six strides of the test subject's data to boost performance. A two-factor analysis of variance test was used to assess the effect of each approach on root mean square error (RMSE) of estimated knee angular velocity (α=0.05). Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was completed to compare actual vs. estimated knee angular velocity as a function of the gait cycle (α=0.05). For incline and level walking, the subject-dependent/pooled-tasks model resulted in the lowest error while the subject-dependent/task-specific model resulted in the lowest error for decline walk. Impressively, the two-factor test revealed no difference between task-specific and pooled-task models. Furthermore, despite capturing many important features of knee velocity across individuals there were, as expected, significant differences between subject-dependent and subject-independent models. Collectively, these results are promising for potential assistive device control with error rates <10% for all regression models that were tested.Clinical Relevance-This work is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using ultrasound-based sensing for estimation of knee angular velocity during multiple modes of ambulation.