Kübel Sebastian L, Fiedler Henrike, Wittmann Marc
Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany.
Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
Psych J. 2021 Feb;10(1):5-19. doi: 10.1002/pchj.395. Epub 2020 Oct 5.
A Ganzfeld is a homogenized visual and auditory perceptual field which can induce altered states of consciousness (ASC; Metzger, 1929; Schmidt & Prein, 2019). Using a balanced intrasubject design, we compared participants' experience during two differently colored (red, green) 25-min Ganzfeld sessions with brown noise as acoustic stimulation. Participants were exposed to the colored visual field through commercially available goggles and to brown noise over headphones. We selected 67 participants with some prior meditation experience to increase the probability that they would engage meaningfully with this specifically restricted stimulus situation. We tested the functional components of the standard cognitive model of time perception (Zakay & Block, 1997) in a path analysis for direct (red vs. green light) and indirect effects (arousal, attention) on subjective duration and perceived passage of time. Subjective arousal and valence states were measured using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). The amount of attention directed to time and the perceived passage of time were rated with standard visual analog scales (VAS). Participants also estimated the duration of each Ganzfeld exposure. The session with the red visual field lasted significantly longer than did the green session (μ = 23.1 min; μ = 19.8 min). After the green session, participants rated their arousal level to have significantly decreased; after the red session, individuals on average felt emotionally less positive. Multiple path analyses revealed that the effect of color on estimated duration is completely mediated through higher arousal levels during the red Ganzfeld session. In turn, the higher arousal level generates a longer subjective estimate of duration. For induction of relaxation in studies probing altered states of consciousness employing the Ganzfeld technique, we recommend using the green light.
ganzfeld是一种均匀的视觉和听觉感知场，可诱发意识改变状态（ASC；梅茨格，1929年；施密特和普赖因，2019年）。我们采用平衡的被试内设计，比较了参与者在两个不同颜色（红色、绿色）的25分钟 ganzfeld环节中的体验，以棕色噪音作为听觉刺激。参与者通过市售护目镜接触有色视野，并通过耳机聆听棕色噪音。我们选择了67名有过冥想经验的参与者，以增加他们能够有意义地参与这种特定受限刺激情境的可能性。我们在路径分析中测试了时间感知标准认知模型（扎凯和布洛克，1997年）的功能成分，以研究直接（红光与绿光）和间接效应（唤醒、注意力）对主观持续时间和时间流逝感知的影响。主观唤醒和效价状态使用自我评估人体模型（SAM）进行测量。指向时间的注意力量和时间流逝感知使用标准视觉模拟量表（VAS）进行评分。参与者还估计了每个 ganzfeld暴露环节的持续时间。红色视野环节的持续时间明显长于绿色环节（μ = 23.1分钟；μ = 19.8分钟）。绿色环节后，参与者对自己唤醒水平的评分显著下降；红色环节后，个体平均感觉情绪上不那么积极。多项路径分析表明，颜色对估计持续时间的影响完全通过红色 ganzfeld环节中较高的唤醒水平介导。反过来，较高的唤醒水平会产生更长的主观持续时间估计。对于在采用 ganzfeld技术探究意识改变状态的研究中诱导放松，我们建议使用绿光。
