Hüffmeier Joachim, Schleu Joyce Elena, Nohe Christoph
TU Dortmund University.
University of Münster.
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2020 Oct 6;42(5):394-406. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2020-0036. Print 2020 Oct 1.
Prior research showed that swimmers swim faster in relay than in individual competitions if they start at later relay positions. This finding is typically explained via the swimmers' relay position and their associated perception that their individual performance is indispensable for their teams' performance. Using multilevel modeling, the authors disentangled this situational explanation from alternative accounts focusing on individual differences between swimmers. Two studies empirically supported the situational explanation: When using a within-person approach and, thus, controlling for between-person variance (i.e., individual differences between swimmers), the swimmers' relay position remained a significant predictor of the increases in effort spent in relays. This finding held when controlling for the on-average higher instrumentality in the relay versus the individual competitions. Thus, the often observed effort gains in swimming relays probably are due to the swimmers' relay position as a situational explanation and stem from the motivating impact of teamwork versus individual work.
先前的研究表明，如果游泳运动员在接力赛中处于较后的位置出发，他们在接力赛中的速度会比个人比赛中更快。这一发现通常通过游泳运动员在接力赛中的位置以及他们相应的认知来解释，即他们个人的表现对团队表现至关重要。作者使用多层次建模，将这种情境性解释与关注游泳运动员个体差异的其他解释区分开来。两项研究通过实证支持了这种情境性解释：当采用个体内部研究方法，从而控制个体间差异（即游泳运动员之间的个体差异）时，游泳运动员在接力赛中的位置仍然是接力赛中所付出努力增加的一个重要预测因素。在控制了接力赛与个人比赛中平均更高的工具性之后，这一发现依然成立。因此，在游泳接力赛中经常观察到的努力提升可能是由于游泳运动员在接力赛中的位置这一情境性解释，并且源于团队合作与个人比赛相比所产生的激励作用。
