Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Clin Neuropsychol. 2020 Dec;34(sup1):110-126. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1829068. Epub 2020 Oct 9.
The trail making test (TMT) is one of the most widely used neuropsychological tests. TMT-A provides measures of visual scanning/visuomotor speed and TMT-B involves additional demands on executive functions. Derived scores TMT B-A and TMT B/A enhance measures of executive functioning. However, simple B-A subtraction may lead to false estimates of executive dysfunction in clinical samples. Norms for TMT have been published in several countries but are currently lacking for Scandinavia.
A total of 292 healthy controls between age 41 and 84 years were included from the Norwegian "Dementia Disease Initiation" (DDI) study ( = 170) and the Gothenburg Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) study ( = 122). We used a regression-based procedure to develop demographically adjusted norms for basic (TMT-A and TMT-B) and derived measures (TMT B-A and B/A). We also propose a regression-based alternative to the TMT B-A measure named "TMT-β". The proposed norms were compared to norms from Heaton et al. and Tombaugh.
Due to differences in the estimated normative effects of demographics on performance, the proposed norms for TMT were better suited in the Scandinavian sample compared with published non-Scandinavian norms. The proposed TMT-β measure was highly correlated to TMT B-A ( = 0.969, < 0.001).
We here propose demographically adjusted norms for the TMT for ages 41 through 84 years based on a Scandinavian sample. We also present the regression-based derived measure TMT-β which may resolve issues with the conventional TMT B-A measure.
连线测验（TMT）是最广泛使用的神经心理学测试之一。TMT-A 提供了视觉扫描/运动速度的测量，而 TMT-B 则对执行功能有额外的要求。衍生分数 TMT B-A 和 TMT B/A 增强了执行功能的测量。然而，简单的 B-A 减法可能会导致临床样本中执行功能障碍的错误估计。TMT 的常模已在多个国家发布，但目前在斯堪的纳维亚地区还没有。
我们从挪威的“痴呆症发病”（DDI）研究（n=170）和哥德堡轻度认知障碍（MCI）研究（n=122）中纳入了年龄在 41 至 84 岁之间的 292 名健康对照者。我们使用基于回归的程序为基本（TMT-A 和 TMT-B）和衍生测量（TMT B-A 和 B/A）制定了人口统计学调整的常模。我们还提出了一种基于回归的 TMT B-A 替代方法，名为“TMT-β”。提出的常模与 Heaton 等人和 Tombaugh 的常模进行了比较。
由于人口统计学对表现的估计常模效应存在差异，与已发表的非斯堪的纳维亚常模相比，我们提出的 TMT 常模更适合斯堪的纳维亚样本。拟议的 TMT-β测量与 TMT B-A 高度相关（r=0.969，p<0.001）。
我们在此提出了基于斯堪的纳维亚样本的 41 至 84 岁人群 TMT 的人口统计学调整常模。我们还提出了基于回归的衍生测量 TMT-β，它可以解决传统的 TMT B-A 测量方法的问题。
