Milton J L, Montgomery R D
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1987 Jul;17(4):873-88. doi: 10.1016/s0195-5616(87)50082-1.
Three categories of congenital elbow dislocations are described in the literature: humeroulnar, humeroradial, and dislocation or joint laxity with other congenital anomalies. Congenital humeroulnar dislocation is a well-defined problem that occurs predominantly in small breeds of dogs and causes severe limb deformity and dysfunction. Early reduction and stabilization are simple to achieve and have provided good results. Radial head dislocations occur most often as a result of growth disturbance of the radius and ulna. There is a lack of conclusive information on congenital radial head dislocations. Regardless of the etiology, radial head dislocation causes rather mild deformity and lameness and can be treated by conservative management, surgical correction, or radial head ostectomy. Dislocation of the elbow may occur concurrently with other rare congenital anomalies and has been described with ectrodactyly and polyarthrodysplasia.
肱尺关节脱位、肱桡关节脱位以及伴有其他先天性异常的关节脱位或关节松弛。先天性肱尺关节脱位是一个明确的问题，主要发生在小型犬种中，会导致严重的肢体畸形和功能障碍。早期复位和固定很容易实现，且效果良好。桡骨头脱位最常因桡骨和尺骨生长紊乱所致。关于先天性桡骨头脱位，缺乏确凿的信息。无论病因如何，桡骨头脱位导致的畸形和跛行相对较轻，可通过保守治疗、手术矫正或桡骨头切除术进行治疗。肘关节脱位可能与其他罕见的先天性异常同时发生，已有与缺指畸形和多关节发育异常相关的描述。
