Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
Curr Opin Psychol. 2021 Aug;40:79-85. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.09.002. Epub 2020 Sep 12.
Does religion enhance an 'extended' morality? We review research on religiousness and Schwartz's values, Haidt's moral foundations (through a meta-analysis of 45 studies), and deontology versus consequentialism (a review of 27 studies). Instead of equally encompassing prosocial (care for others) and other values (duties to the self, the community, and the sacred), religiosity implies a restrictive morality: endorsement of values denoting social order (conservation, loyalty, and authority), self-control (low autonomy and self-expansion), and purity more strongly than care; and, furthermore, a deontological, non-consequentialist, righteous orientation, that could result in harm to (significant) others. Religious moral righteousness is highest in fundamentalism and weakens in secular countries. Only spirituality reflects an extended morality (care, fairness, and the binding foundations). Evolutionarily, religious morality seems to be more coalitional and 'hygienic' than caring.
宗教是否能增强“扩展的”道德？我们回顾了宗教信仰与施瓦茨价值观、海特道德基础（通过对 45 项研究的元分析）以及义务论与后果论（对 27 项研究的综述）的相关研究。宗教信仰并不平等地包含亲社会（关爱他人）和其他价值观（对自己、社区和神圣的责任），而是暗示了一种限制性的道德：更强烈地支持表示社会秩序的价值观（保守、忠诚和权威）、自我控制（低自主性和自我扩张）和纯洁，而不是关爱；此外，还有一种道义论的、非后果论的、正直的取向，这可能会导致对（重要）他人的伤害。在原教旨主义中，宗教道德的正义性最高，而在世俗国家中则较弱。只有灵性反映了一种扩展的道德（关爱、公平和有约束力的基础）。从进化的角度来看，宗教道德似乎比关爱更具结盟性和“卫生性”。
