Copper-64-immunoPET imaging: bench to bedside.

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a growing non-invasive diagnostic and molecular imaging tool in nuclear medicine, that is used to identify several diseases including cancer. The immunoPET probe is made up of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or its fragments or similar molecules that tagged with positron radioisotopes (Ga, Cu, Zr) bound together by a bifunctional chelator (BFC). This probe is designed to identify a specific disease. Currently, several immunoPET probes are being developed for preclinical as well as for clinical applications. These studies are showing promising results, both in preclinical and patients, using mostly Cu, Zr isotopes. This review elucidates the Cu based immunoPET applications, their pipelines and the emerging scope of this technique within the nuclear medicine and molecular imaging clinics from bench to bedside. Recently, immunoPET research have sharply increased especially after a big surge in approval of oncology antibodies by the FDA for immune checkpoint-blockade cancer immunotherapies. Currently, preclinical to clinical translations of immunoPET has several challenges, including designing probes, choice of radioisotopes, selection of stable BFC, and size of antibody and its tracer kinetics. All these obstacles will be addressed eventually by improving PET scanner sensitivity, designing appropriate size of imaging probe, and combining immunoPET with specific targeting antibodies. These improvements should contribute to the immunoPET becoming more applicable in clinics, which, in turn, will provide critical information for correct patient selection, for right dosing, and for the right time/staging of treatment.