Parker G W
Rev Sci Tech. 2020 Aug;39(2):579-590. doi: 10.20506/rst.39.2.3108.
All-hazards preparedness and response planning requires ongoing individual, organisational and multi-jurisdictional learning. Disaster after-action reviews are an established emergency management practice to acquire knowledge through a process of analysing what happened and why, to improve the emergency response before the next crisis. After-action reviews help individuals and organisations learn, and are an essential step in the preparedness cycle. Human and animal health authorities have begun to employ after-action reviews for disaster preparedness and response among public health and Veterinary Services. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) encourages Members to establish after-action reviews and share best practice. The adoption of afteraction review is an essential step for all provincial, national and multinational emergency management authorities to mitigate the impact of disasters on human and animal health. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases with pandemic potential pose unique preparedness challenges, requiring high-level policy attention to close long-standing gaps. A review of after-action reports from the 2001 anthrax bioterror attacks and of naturally occurring infectious disease crises, from the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to the 2014 Ebola epidemic, reveal a similar pattern of repeated weakness and failures. These phenomena are described as 'lessons observed but not lessons learned'. Most infectious disease outbreaks with pandemic potential are zoonotic and require a One Health approach to prevent, prepare for and respond to global health security crises. After-action reviews in a One Health security context are essential to improve the pandemic preparedness of public health and Veterinary Services. After-action reviews can also provide the evidence-based 'feedback loop' needed to galvanise public policy and political will to translate lessons observed into sustained and applied lessons learned.
全灾种防范与应对规划需要个人、组织和多辖区持续学习。灾后评估是一种既定的应急管理做法，通过分析事件经过及原因来获取知识，以改进下次危机前的应急响应。灾后评估有助于个人和组织学习，是防范周期中的关键一步。人类和动物卫生当局已开始在公共卫生和兽医服务领域开展灾后评估，以进行灾难防范与应对。世界动物卫生组织（OIE）鼓励成员国开展灾后评估并分享最佳实践。采用灾后评估是所有省级、国家级和跨国应急管理当局减轻灾害对人类和动物健康影响的关键一步。具有大流行潜力的新出现和重新出现的传染病带来了独特的防范挑战，需要高层政策关注以弥合长期存在的差距。对2001年炭疽生物恐怖袭击的灾后报告以及从2003年严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）疫情到2014年埃博拉疫情等自然发生的传染病危机的审查显示出类似的反复出现的弱点和失败模式。这些现象被描述为“观察到教训但未吸取教训”。大多数具有大流行潜力的传染病疫情都是人畜共患病，需要采取“同一健康”方法来预防、防范和应对全球卫生安全危机。在同一健康安全背景下进行灾后评估对于提高公共卫生和兽医服务的大流行防范能力至关重要。灾后评估还可以提供基于证据的“反馈回路”，以激发公共政策和政治意愿，将观察到的教训转化为持续且可应用的经验教训。
