Sarachek A
Mycopathologia. 1987 Jul;99(1):31-9. doi: 10.1007/BF00436678.
Heterokaryons (hets), but not monokaryons of Candida albicans die when grown anaerobically on minimal medium. Their rates of inactivation increase with decreases in growth temperatures from 37 degrees C to 25 degrees C. At 10 degrees C, however, anaerobiosis is not lethal and suppresses the inactivation which normally occurs among hets cultured aerobically at that temperature. Killing of hets by anaerobiosis can be altered significantly by certain exogenously provided amino acids or intermediates of oxidative respiration. Aspartic acid alone promotes inactivation whereas alanine, glutamic acid or lysine individually have no effects. However, glutamate and lysine combined afford slight protection against inactivation while aspartate and glutamate combined, with or without lysine, are highly protective: the activity of the aspartate-glutamate combination is completely negated by the addition of alanine. Other common amino acids have no effects on het responses to anaerobiosis other than the ability, when combined, to relieve the antagonism of alanine for the aspartate-glutamate combination. Anaerobic survivals are also enhanced by oxalacetic acid or alpha-ketoglutaric acid, and even more so by a combination of these two intermediates. The resistances to inactivation elicited by the oxalacetate alpha-ketoglutarate or aspartate-glutamate combinations are not additive. These relationships are interpreted to signify that inactivation of hets by anaerobic growth is largely, if not exclusively, due to depletion of their oxalacetic acid and alpha-ketoglutaric acid contents for amino acid biosyntheses, and the unique inability of het cells to replenish those keto acids upon subsequent return to aerobic conditions. The observations are consistent with previous indications that mitochondria formed by hets are functionally abnormal.
白色念珠菌的异核体（hets）在基本培养基上厌氧培养时会死亡，而单核体则不会。它们的失活速率随着生长温度从37℃降至25℃而增加。然而，在10℃时，厌氧状态并不致命，并且会抑制在该温度下需氧培养的异核体中正常发生的失活现象。厌氧状态对异核体的杀伤作用可被某些外源提供的氨基酸或氧化呼吸中间体显著改变。单独的天冬氨酸会促进失活，而丙氨酸、谷氨酸或赖氨酸单独作用时则没有影响。然而，谷氨酸和赖氨酸联合使用可提供轻微的抗失活保护，而天冬氨酸和谷氨酸联合使用，无论有无赖氨酸，都具有高度的保护作用：添加丙氨酸会完全抵消天冬氨酸 - 谷氨酸组合的活性。其他常见氨基酸对异核体对厌氧状态的反应没有影响，只是当它们联合使用时，能够缓解丙氨酸对天冬氨酸 - 谷氨酸组合的拮抗作用。草酰乙酸或α - 酮戊二酸也能增强厌氧存活率，两者联合使用时效果更明显。草酰乙酸 - α - 酮戊二酸组合或天冬氨酸 - 谷氨酸组合所引发的抗失活能力并非相加的。这些关系被解释为表明厌氧生长导致异核体失活，很大程度上（如果不是唯一的话）是由于它们的草酰乙酸和α - 酮戊二酸含量被用于氨基酸生物合成而耗尽，以及异核体细胞在随后恢复需氧条件时无法补充这些酮酸。这些观察结果与之前关于异核体形成的线粒体功能异常的迹象一致。
