Am Nat. 2020 Nov;196(5):E119-E126. doi: 10.1086/710764. Epub 2020 Sep 15.
AbstractSpite is the most surprising prediction of inclusive fitness theory because it suggests that a gene can be favored by natural selection despite causing harm to both the individuals that carry it and those around them. A gene for spite can only be favored because of negative relatedness, which means that the actor that carries the gene is less likely to share the gene for spite with the surrounding recipients than the random expectation. While positive relatedness can be simply reduced to the intuitive concept of kinship, negative relatedness is deeply counterintuitive. Here I clarify that negative relatedness is frequency dependent, and I identify a hidden assumption in its widely used formula. Accordingly, while the well-studied "lighter" side of inclusive fitness (with helping behaviors and positive relatedness) is dominated by traits that are favored under kin selection, I predict that the understudied "darker" side of inclusive fitness (with harming behaviors and negative relatedness) is dominated by traits that are favored under greenbeard/kind selection-and I discuss the existing evidence that tentatively supports this hypothesis.
摘要
怨恨是包容性适合度理论最令人惊讶的预测，因为它表明，尽管一个基因会对携带它的个体和他们周围的个体造成伤害，但它仍可能受到自然选择的青睐。具有怨恨的基因之所以能够被选择，是因为存在负相关关系，这意味着携带该基因的个体与周围接受者共享怨恨基因的可能性比随机预期要小。虽然正相关关系可以简单地归结为亲属关系的直观概念，但负相关关系则非常违反直觉。在这里，我澄清了负相关关系是依赖于频率的，并指出了其在广泛使用的公式中的一个隐藏假设。因此，虽然包容性适合度中研究充分的“光明”一面（带有帮助行为和正相关关系）主要由在亲属选择下受到青睐的特征所主导，但我预测包容性适合度中研究较少的“黑暗”一面（带有伤害行为和负相关关系）主要由在绿胡子/善意选择下受到青睐的特征所主导——我还讨论了现有证据，这些证据初步支持了这一假设。
