Patel Matishalin, West Stuart A, Biernaskie Jay M
Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3SZ United Kingdom.
Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3RB United Kingdom.
Evol Lett. 2020 Jan 15;4(1):65-72. doi: 10.1002/evl3.150. eCollection 2020 Feb.
Spiteful behaviors occur when an actor harms its own fitness to inflict harm on the fitness of others. Several papers have predicted that spite can be favored in sufficiently small populations, even when the harming behavior is directed indiscriminately at others. However, it is not clear that truly spiteful behavior could be favored without the harm being directed at a subset of social partners with relatively low genetic similarity to the actor (kin discrimination, causing a negative relatedness between actor and harmed recipient). Using mathematical models, we show that (1) the evolution of spite requires kin discrimination; (2) previous models suggesting indiscriminate spite involve scenarios where the actor gains a direct feedback benefit from harming others, and so the harming is selfish rather than spiteful; (3) extreme selfishness can be favored in small populations (or, more generally, under local competition) because this is where the direct feedback benefit of harming is greatest.
当一个行为者损害自身适应性以对其他行为者的适应性造成伤害时，恶意行为就会发生。几篇论文预测，即使伤害行为是不加区分地针对他人，在足够小的群体中，恶意行为也可能受到青睐。然而，尚不清楚在没有将伤害指向与行为者基因相似度相对较低的一部分社会伙伴（亲属识别，导致行为者与受伤害接受者之间产生负相关性）的情况下，真正的恶意行为是否会受到青睐。通过数学模型，我们表明：（1）恶意行为的进化需要亲属识别；（2）先前表明不加区分的恶意行为的模型涉及行为者通过伤害他人获得直接反馈利益的情景，因此这种伤害是自私的而非恶意的；（3）极端自私在小群体中（或者更普遍地说，在局部竞争情况下）可能受到青睐，因为这是伤害的直接反馈利益最大的地方。
