Veterinary BioSciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Vic, 3030, Australia.
Environmental Futures Research Institute and School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld., 4111, Australia.
Ecol Lett. 2021 Jan;24(1):130-148. doi: 10.1111/ele.13621. Epub 2020 Oct 16.
Emerging infectious diseases have caused many species declines, changes in communities and even extinctions. There are also many species that persist following devastating declines due to disease. The broad mechanisms that enable host persistence following declines include evolution of resistance or tolerance, changes in immunity and behaviour, compensatory recruitment, pathogen attenuation, environmental refugia, density-dependent transmission and changes in community composition. Here we examine the case of chytridiomycosis, the most important wildlife disease of the past century. We review the full breadth of mechanisms allowing host persistence, and synthesise research on host, pathogen, environmental and community factors driving persistence following chytridiomycosis-related declines and overview the current evidence and the information required to support each mechanism. We found that for most species the mechanisms facilitating persistence have not been identified. We illustrate how the mechanisms that drive long-term host population dynamics determine the most effective conservation management strategies. Therefore, understanding mechanisms of host persistence is important because many species continue to be threatened by disease, some of which will require intervention. The conceptual framework we describe is broadly applicable to other novel disease systems.
新发传染病导致了许多物种的减少、群落变化甚至灭绝。也有许多物种在经历了破坏性的疾病衰退后仍然存活下来。宿主在衰退后得以存活的广泛机制包括抗性或耐受性的进化、免疫和行为的变化、补偿性招募、病原体衰减、环境避难所、密度依赖传播以及群落组成的变化。在这里，我们研究了过去一个世纪最重要的野生动物疾病——壶菌病的情况。我们回顾了允许宿主存活的所有机制，并综合了有关宿主、病原体、环境和群落因素的研究，这些因素推动了与壶菌病相关的衰退后宿主的存活，并概述了当前的证据以及支持每种机制所需的信息。我们发现，对于大多数物种来说，促进存活的机制尚未确定。我们说明了哪些驱动长期宿主种群动态的机制决定了最有效的保护管理策略。因此，了解宿主存活的机制很重要，因为许多物种仍然受到疾病的威胁，其中一些物种将需要干预。我们所描述的概念框架广泛适用于其他新的疾病系统。
