Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through the air by those who are infected with the bacteria (i.e., coughing). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), roughly a quarter of the world’s population is infected with M. tuberculosis and may be at risk for developing the disease. TB typically affects the lungs of a person (i.e., pulmonary TB) but can also spread to other parts of the body (i.e., extrapulmonary TB). TB is prevalent in low and middle income countries, as the disease is associated with poverty, poor sanitation or hygiene practices and being easily transmissible from person to person. However, high income countries, including Canada, still report cases of TB and it is considered an important public health matter. According to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Canada has one of the lowest rates of active TB in the world. However, annual rates of TB have remained the same in the country since the 1980’s rather than steadily declining. In 2017, PHAC reported 1,796 cases of active TB in Canada with migrants and Indigenous peoples bearing the highest rates of active TB in the country and approximately 70% of cases being pulmonary TB. Migrants and Indigenous peoples are not the only populations that are at higher risk of TB infection in Canada. Workers travelling to areas with a high incidence of TB, and those individuals who are immunocompromised (e.g., patients living with HIV, children, infants) or workers (e.g., health care professional) who are in direct contact with immunocompromised people are also at high risk of TB infection. Additionally, homeless persons, prison staff and inmates are considered high-risk populations due to the proximity to others and conditions that enable the transmission of TB bacteria. Individuals with TB are categorized into latent TB infection (LTBI) and active TB disease. LTBI refers to an individual who has the M. tuberculosis infection in which the bacteria are alive but are not currently causing active TB disease. Persons with LTBI do not possess any symptoms and are not considered infectious. However, those with the LTBI can develop active TB disease if they do not receive proper treatment or have a compromised immune system. Active TB disease (also known as active TB) occurs when the TB bacteria begins to multiply and the individual’s immune system is compromised, leading to infection. Symptoms can progress right away or can develop long after infection, depending on the individual. Symptoms can vary between individuals who have TB infection but often experience weight loss, fever, fatigue, chills, excessive coughing and chest pain. In comparison to LTBI, persons with TB disease can spread the TB bacteria to others and are considered infectious. Early identification of TB is critical to receive timely treatment, reduce poor health outcomes, and to reduce the transmission of TB. Many people with LTBI initially go undetected and are often only diagnosed when they develop symptoms from developing active TB. Screening LTBI may be selectively done in groups of individuals who have a higher-risk of either being exposed to TB (e.g., health care workers, prison staff, people living in areas with high TB incidence) or of developing active TB diseases (e.g., immunosuppressed individuals, patient living with HIV), or in people who have been come into contact with a person with TB (i.e., contact tracing). The identification of LTBI is done through tuberculin skin test (TST) and the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA); these diagnostic tools cannot differentiate between latent and active TB. The TST is performed by injecting a small amount of tuberculin into the lower part of the arm and to see whether the patient has a reaction to the injection, while the IGRA is a blood test that measures the person’s immune response to TB proteins. Diagnosing active TB disease is more involved, and can include recognizing the signs and symptoms of TB, chest radiography, sputum samples, and microbiologic testing. Active case finding can also be used to systematically search for cases of active TB disease in populations with a high risk of TB rather than waiting for individuals to present symptoms of the disease. There are multiple guidelines published about TB, and these guidelines may vary in quality and the topics covered on identifying TB. The purpose of this report is to review and critically appraise the evidence-based guidelines regarding interventions for the identification of TB. This report is part of series of evidence reviews on TB guidelines and can serve as a guidance document to identify which guidelines include recommendations for specific identification methods and specific populations of interest, and the strength of the guidelines. This report does not cover recommendations regarding the identification of multi-drug resistant TB, or diagnostic tests in people with HIV or conditions that compromise the immune system, as these topics are covered in separate reports. This report focuses on identification strategies and diagnostic tests for the identification of LTBI and active TB diagnosis. This report is a component of a larger CADTH Condition Level Review on TB. A condition level review is an assessment that incorporates all aspects of a condition, from prevention, detection, treatment, and management. For more information on CADTH’s Condition Level Review of TB, please visit the project page (https://www.cadth.ca/tuberculosis).