Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Health Education and Health Promotion Department, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
BMC Public Health. 2020 Oct 19;20(1):1571. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09681-7.
BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major global public health challenge. This study aimed to investigate on how people perceive the COVID-19 outbreak using the components of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) and to find out how this might contribute to possible behavioral responses to the prevention and control of the disease. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Iran during March and April 2020. Participants were recruited via online applications using a number of platforms such as Telegram, WhatsApp, and Instagram asking people to take part in the study. To collect data an electronic self-designed questionnaire based on the EPPM was used in order to measure the risk perception (efficacy, defensive responses, perceived treat) related to the COVID-19. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA), were used to explore the data. RESULTS: A total of 3727 individuals with a mean age (SD) of 37.0 (11.1) years participated in the study. The results revealed significant differences in efficacy, defensive responses and perceived treat among different population groups particularly among those aged 60 and over. Women had significantly higher scores than men on some aspects such as self-efficacy, reactance, and avoidance but men had higher perceived susceptibility scores compared to women. Overall 56.4% of participants were engaged in danger control (preventive behavior) while the remaining 43.6% were engaged in fear control (non-preventive behavior) process. CONCLUSION: More than half of all participants motivated by danger control. This indicated that more than half of participants had high perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy). Self-efficacy scores were significantly higher among participants who were older, female, single, lived in rural areas, and had good economic status. The results suggest that socioeconomic and demographic factors are the main determinants of the COVID-19 risk perception. Indeed, targeted interventions are essential for controlling the pandemic.
背景：新型冠状病毒病 2019（COVID-19）的爆发已成为全球主要的公共卫生挑战。本研究旨在探讨人们如何通过扩展平行处理模型（EPPM）的组成部分来感知 COVID-19 的爆发，并找出这如何有助于对疾病的预防和控制采取可能的行为反应。
方法：本横断面研究于 2020 年 3 月至 4 月在伊朗进行。参与者通过在线应用程序（如 Telegram、WhatsApp 和 Instagram）招募，邀请人们参与研究。为了收集数据，使用了基于 EPPM 的电子自设计问卷，以测量与 COVID-19 相关的风险感知（效能、防御反应、感知治疗）。使用描述性统计、卡方检验、t 检验和方差分析（ANOVA）来探索数据。
结果：共有 3727 名年龄（标准差）为 37.0（11.1）岁的个体参与了研究。结果表明，效能、防御反应和感知治疗在不同人群中存在显著差异，尤其是在 60 岁及以上的人群中。女性在自我效能、抵触和回避等方面的得分明显高于男性，但男性的感知易感性得分高于女性。总体而言，56.4%的参与者从事危险控制（预防行为），而其余 43.6%从事恐惧控制（非预防行为）过程。
结论：超过一半的参与者受危险控制的动机。这表明，超过一半的参与者具有较高的感知效能（即自我效能和反应效能）。年龄较大、女性、单身、居住在农村地区和经济状况良好的参与者的自我效能得分明显更高。结果表明，社会经济和人口因素是 COVID-19 风险感知的主要决定因素。事实上，有针对性的干预措施对于控制大流行至关重要。
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