Medical Education Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Street, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran.
Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2023 Jul 29;21(1):79. doi: 10.1186/s12955-023-02167-1.
The aim of this study was to examine the role of demographic characteristics, general health and health related quality of life on the fear control. Also, the aim of study was to explore how older people percept the COVID-19 pandemic by using the component of the expanded parallel process model (EPPM), and how the possible perception may contribute to probable behavior responses to prevention and control of COVID-19.
The present study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Tabriz, a city in north of Iran from February to April 2021, the period that correspond with the fourth wave of COVID-19. To collect information, the Covid-19 risk perception questionnaire (based on EPPM model including efficacy, defensive responses, and perceived threat) and health related quality of life (HQOL) Short Form-36 questionnaire were used. Discriminate value was calculated to estimate fear control and danger control. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression were calculated to examine the effect of demographic characteristics, general health and health-related quality of life on the fear control.
The mean age of the 350 participants was 67.9 (6.4) years. A total of 83.1% of participants were engaged in danger control processes and 16.9% in fear control processes. According to the multivariable results, significant predictors for fear control were: gender 1.57 (95% CI 1.05-2.34, 0.025), education 7.38 (1.42-38.35, p = 0.017), economic status 1.31 (0.4-0.63, p = 0.029), and significant protective factors for fear control were: body pain 0.97 (0.94-0.99, p = 0.041), general health 0.96 (0.93-0.98, p = 0.032), physical health 0.94 (0.90-0.98) and total quality of life 0.024 (0.89-0.98).
Strong associations of fear control were found with being female, being illiterate, and having a good economic status and also body pain, general health, physical health and total HQOL were significantly associated with danger control. Since, most of elderly populations have adequately higher perceptions of efficacy to counteract their threat perceptions to continue motivating these older people to engage in COVID-19 self-protective behaviors, it is necessary to emphasis on the susceptibility of target population and the severity of the COVID-19 threats.
本研究旨在探讨人口统计学特征、一般健康状况和与健康相关的生活质量对恐惧控制的影响。此外，本研究旨在通过使用扩展平行过程模型（EPPM）的组成部分来探索老年人如何感知 COVID-19 大流行，以及这种可能的感知如何有助于对 COVID-19 的预防和控制采取可能的行为反应。
本研究是一项横断面研究，于 2021 年 2 月至 4 月在伊朗北部城市大不里士进行，该时间段对应 COVID-19 的第四波疫情。为了收集信息，使用了基于 EPPM 模型（包括功效、防御反应和感知威胁）的 COVID-19 风险感知问卷和与健康相关的生活质量（HQOL）简短 36 问卷。计算判别值以估计恐惧控制和危险控制。使用单变量和多变量逻辑回归来检验人口统计学特征、一般健康状况和与健康相关的生活质量对恐惧控制的影响。
350 名参与者的平均年龄为 67.9（6.4）岁。共有 83.1%的参与者参与了危险控制过程，16.9%的参与者参与了恐惧控制过程。根据多变量结果，恐惧控制的显著预测因素为：性别 1.57（95%CI 1.05-2.34，0.025）、教育 7.38（1.42-38.35，p=0.017）、经济状况 1.31（0.4-0.63，p=0.029），恐惧控制的显著保护因素为：身体疼痛 0.97（0.94-0.99，p=0.041）、一般健康 0.96（0.93-0.98，p=0.032）、身体健康 0.94（0.90-0.98）和总生活质量 0.024（0.89-0.98）。
恐惧控制与女性、文盲和良好的经济状况密切相关，而身体疼痛、一般健康、身体健康和总 HQOL 与危险控制显著相关。由于大多数老年人群体对效能的认知较高，足以抵消他们对威胁的认知，从而继续激励这些老年人采取 COVID-19 自我保护行为，因此有必要强调目标人群的易感性和 COVID-19 威胁的严重性。
