Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2021 Mar;118(3):1029-1049. doi: 10.1002/bit.27606. Epub 2020 Oct 31.
When discovered, extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes were thought of as junk carriers and a means by which the cell disposed of its waste material. Over the years, the role of EVs in cell communication has become apparent with the discovery that the nano-scale vesicles also transport RNA, DNA, and other bioactive components to and from the cells. These findings were originally made in EVs from body fluids of organisms and from in vitro two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models. Recently, organoids and other 3D multicellular in vitro models are being used to study EVs in the context of both physiologic and pathological states. However, standard, reproducible methods are lacking for EV analysis using these models. As a step toward understanding the implications of these platforms, this review provides a comprehensive picture of the progress using 3D in vitro culture models for EV analysis. Translational efforts and regulatory considerations for EV therapeutics are also briefly overviewed to understand what is needed for scale-up and, ultimately, commercialization.
当细胞外囊泡（EVs），如外泌体被发现时，它们被认为是垃圾载体，是细胞处理废物的一种方式。多年来，EV 在细胞通讯中的作用变得明显，因为人们发现纳米级囊泡也可以将 RNA、DNA 和其他生物活性成分在细胞之间进行运输。这些发现最初是在生物体的体液和体外二维（2D）细胞培养模型中的 EV 中做出的。最近，类器官和其他 3D 多细胞体外模型被用于研究生理和病理状态下 EV 的情况。然而，这些模型在使用 EV 分析方面缺乏标准的、可重复的方法。作为理解这些平台的意义的一步，本综述全面介绍了使用 3D 体外培养模型进行 EV 分析的进展。本文还简要概述了 EV 治疗的转化工作和监管考虑因素，以了解规模化和最终商业化所需的条件。
