Frössler H, Döhring D
Röntgenabteilung des Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhauses Koblenz.
Radiologe. 1987 Aug;27(8):332-8.
For classification of testicular tumors in the TNM-System several modern imaging methods are available: sonography, conventional radiography, lymphography, computer-tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance and scintigraphy. Sonography--usually the first method to be used for reasonable classification--is significantly inferior to lymphography and CT for N and M staging. It remains to be seen if the NMR-methods will reach the good informative standard of CT. Only in the case of extensive lymphatic metastasis (bulky disease) are i.v. pyelogram and cavography still used to verify displacement of the ureter or infiltration of the tumor into the cava. In the nuclear medical field bone scintigraphy plays the main role for testicular tumor metastases.
在TNM系统中对睾丸肿瘤进行分类时，有几种现代成像方法可供使用：超声检查、传统放射照相、淋巴造影、计算机断层扫描、核磁共振和闪烁扫描。超声检查——通常是用于合理分类的首选方法——在N和M分期方面明显不如淋巴造影和CT。核磁共振方法是否能达到CT的良好信息标准还有待观察。只有在广泛淋巴转移（大块病变）的情况下，静脉肾盂造影和腔静脉造影仍用于确认输尿管移位或肿瘤浸润到腔静脉。在核医学领域，骨闪烁扫描在睾丸肿瘤转移中起主要作用。
