Vanstreels Ralph Eric Thijl, Palma Ricardo L, Mironov Sergey V
Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Marine Animals, Cariacica, Brazil.
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand.
Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl. 2020 May 25;12:275-290. doi: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.03.007. eCollection 2020 Aug.
Due to its cold and dry climate and scarcity of ice-free land, Antarctica has one of the most extreme environments on our planet. To survive in the Antarctic region, parasitic arthropods must either remain closely associated with their hosts throughout the entire life cycle or develop physiological adaptations to survive in the terrestrial habitat while their hosts are away foraging at sea or overwintering at lower latitudes. Forty-eight species of birds and seven species of pinnipeds breed in the Antarctic region, with 158 species/subspecies of parasitic arthropods recorded thus far, comprising: sucking lice (Echinophthiriidae), chewing lice (Menoponidae, Philopteridae), fleas (Ceratophyllidae, Pygiopsyllidae, Rhopalopsyllidae), pentastomes (Reighardiidae), hard ticks (Ixodidae), nest-associated haematophagous mites (Laelapidae), nasal mites (Halarachnidae, Rhinonyssidae) and feather mites (Alloptidae, Avenzoariidae, Xolalgidae, Freyanidae). In this review, we provide an updated compilation of the available information on the host-parasite associations of arthropods infesting birds and pinnipeds in the Antarctic region, and discuss some over-arching ecological patterns and gaps of knowledge.
由于气候寒冷干燥且无冰陆地稀缺，南极洲拥有地球上最为极端的环境之一。为了在南极地区生存，寄生节肢动物要么在整个生命周期中与宿主紧密相连，要么发展出生理适应性，以便在宿主出海觅食或在低纬度地区越冬时在陆地栖息地生存。48种鸟类和7种鳍足类动物在南极地区繁殖，迄今为止已记录到158种/亚种寄生节肢动物，包括：吸血虱（海兽虱科）、咀嚼虱（短角鸟虱科、细角鸟虱科）、跳蚤（角叶蚤科、臀蚤科、喙蚤科）、舌形虫（雷氏舌形虫科）、硬蜱（硬蜱科）、与巢穴相关的吸血螨（厉螨科）、鼻螨（嗜兽螨科、鼻刺螨科）和羽螨（异羽螨科、阿文螨科、索拉尔螨科、弗氏螨科）。在这篇综述中，我们提供了有关侵染南极地区鸟类和鳍足类动物的节肢动物宿主-寄生虫关联的现有信息的最新汇编，并讨论了一些总体生态模式和知识空白。
