Carlile Simon, Keidser Gitte
School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
X-The Moonshot Factory, Mountain View, California, USA.
Ear Hear. 2020 Nov/Dec;41 Suppl 1:56S-67S. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000939.
Humans have evolved the unique capacity to efficiently communicate using the spoken word. Hearing plays a key role as a receiver in this process and dysfunction leads to difficulties in listening and communication. It is widely accepted that effective communication is not adequately captured with current behavioral speech tests that principally focus on passive sound detection and speech recognition with idealized stimuli. To address the question of what it will take to obtain more ecologically valid outcomes from behavioral speech tests, recent approaches, and test paradigms devised to address some of the acknowledged shortcomings of current speech tests were reviewed. Additionally, some recent work which has focused on understanding brain function in social and dynamic interaction scenarios, so-called second person neuroscience, was reviewed. These reviews revealed that, while recent efforts in bridging the gap between behavioral speech tests and everyday communication situations represent important steps in the right direction, they are unlikely to provide a complete account of everyday communication situations. Further, brain imaging studies, together with our growing understanding of "mirror" neurons and the development of theories around embodied cognition, have demonstrated that the brain networks recruited during emotionally engaged interaction between interlocutors are far more complex when compared to that of a passive listener. Speech and nonspeech (e.g., gaze direction, body posture, etc.) interactions between the interlocutors give rise to the perception of effective interaction (sense of "agency") and activate neural networks important in decision-making and subsequent communication interaction. Successful conversational interaction represents the negotiation of a dynamic context and the emergence of a state of shared understanding between participants. In conclusion, to achieve highly ecologically valid outcomes related to communication, future testing will most likely require an interactive or conversational paradigm to elicit the brain states that are present in everyday social interactions.
人类进化出了使用口语进行高效交流的独特能力。在这个过程中，听力作为接收者起着关键作用，功能障碍会导致听力和交流困难。人们普遍认为，目前的行为言语测试主要侧重于被动声音检测和对理想化刺激的言语识别，无法充分捕捉有效的交流。为了解决如何从行为言语测试中获得更符合生态学效度结果的问题，我们回顾了最近为解决当前言语测试中一些公认缺点而设计的方法和测试范式。此外，还回顾了一些最近专注于理解社会和动态互动场景中的脑功能的研究，即所谓的第二人称神经科学。这些综述表明，虽然最近在弥合行为言语测试与日常交流情境之间差距方面所做的努力是朝着正确方向迈出的重要一步，但它们不太可能完整地描述日常交流情境。此外，脑成像研究，以及我们对“镜像”神经元的日益了解和围绕具身认知的理论发展，都表明与被动倾听者相比，对话者之间情感投入互动时所激活的脑网络要复杂得多。对话者之间的言语和非言语（如注视方向、身体姿势等）互动会产生有效互动的感知（“能动性”感），并激活在决策和后续交流互动中重要的神经网络。成功的对话互动代表着动态语境的协商以及参与者之间达成共同理解状态的出现。总之，为了获得与交流相关的高度符合生态学效度的结果，未来的测试很可能需要一种互动或对话范式来引发日常社会互动中存在的脑状态。
