Paliga Renata E
Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Faculty of Medical History and Medical Ethics.
Przegl Epidemiol. 2020;74(2):180-195. doi: 10.32394/pe.74.15.
Until the 19th century, the factor causing epidemics was not known, and the escape from a place where it occurred as well as isolation of patients was considered to be the only effective way to avoid illness and death. Quarantine in a sense similar to modern times was used in 1377 in Ragusa, today's Dubrovnik, during the plague epidemic. It was the first administratively imposed procedure in the world's history. It was later used in Venice and other rich port cities in the Mediterranean. On the territory of today's Poland, quarantine measures were used by the so-called Mayor of the Air - LukaszDrewno in 1623 during the plague epidemic in Warsaw. The quarantine left its mark on all areas of human activity. It affected all humanity in a way that is underestimated today. Throughout history, it has been described and presented visually. It is omnipresent in the world literature, art and philosophy. However, the isolation and closure of cities, limiting trade, had an impact on the economic balance, and the dilemma between the choice of inhabitants' health and the quality of existence, i.e. their wealth, has been the subject of discussions since the Middle Ages. Since the end of the 19th century, quarantine has lost its practical meaning. The discovery of bacteria and a huge development of medical and social sciences allowed limiting its range. In the 20th century isolation and quarantine no longer had a global range, because the ability to identify factors causing the epidemic, knowledge about the incubation period, carrier, infectiousness, enabled the rational determination of its duration and territorial range. The modern SARS COV 2 pandemic has resulted in a global quarantine on a scale unprecedented for at least three hundred years. The aim of this paper is to present the history of quarantine from its beginning to the present day, including its usefulness as an epidemiological tool.
直到19世纪，引发流行病的因素仍不为人知，人们认为逃离疫情发生地以及隔离患者是避免疾病和死亡的唯一有效方法。1377年，在如今的杜布罗夫尼克（当时叫拉古萨）鼠疫流行期间，采用了一种在某种意义上类似于现代隔离检疫的措施。这是世界历史上首个行政强制实施的程序。后来它在地中海的威尼斯和其他富裕港口城市得到应用。在如今波兰的领土上，1623年华沙鼠疫流行期间，所谓的“空气市长”卢卡斯·德鲁诺采取了隔离检疫措施。隔离检疫在人类活动的各个领域都留下了印记。它对全人类的影响在如今被低估了。在整个历史进程中，它都有文字记载并以视觉形式呈现。它在世界文学、艺术和哲学中无处不在。然而，城市的隔离和封闭、贸易受限，对经济平衡产生了影响，而居民健康与生存质量（即财富）选择之间的两难困境，从中世纪起就一直是讨论的话题。自19世纪末以来，隔离检疫已失去其实际意义。细菌的发现以及医学和社会科学的巨大发展使得其范围得以限制。在20世纪，隔离检疫不再具有全球范围，因为能够识别引发流行病的因素、了解潜伏期、携带者、传染性，从而能够合理确定其持续时间和地域范围。现代的新冠疫情导致了至少三百年来规模空前的全球隔离检疫。本文旨在呈现隔离检疫从起源至今的历史，包括其作为一种流行病学工具的效用。
