McNay M B
Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1987 Mar;1(1):29-53. doi: 10.1016/s0950-3552(87)80022-6.
The use of diagnostic ultrasound has contributed to the evaluation of the fetal condition in two ways--the detection of fetal abnormality and the assessment of fetal growth and development. Routine early pregnancy scanning enables most major structural anomalies to be detected and provides accurate gestational dating. Maternal serum alphafetoprotein screening complements ultrasound in identifying abnormalities, and may also be an indicator of a growth problem in later pregnancy. In high-risk pregnancies, or when growth retardation or acceleration is suspected, abnormalities should always be considered and investigations should include karyotyping. Fetal growth may be assessed by multiple parameters, including measurement of fetal head, trunk, limbs, and amniotic fluid volume, in addition to grading of the placenta. Fetal responses to stimulation can be visualized and quantified. No single parameter may be used alone to predict fetal outcome, but by using this multiple-parameter approach, contributing to a biophysical profile of the fetus, the outcome of pregnancy may be predicted with greater accuracy.
诊断性超声的应用在两个方面有助于评估胎儿状况——检测胎儿异常以及评估胎儿生长发育。常规早孕扫描能够检测出大多数主要结构异常，并提供准确的孕周。母体血清甲胎蛋白筛查在识别异常方面对超声起到补充作用，也可能是晚期妊娠生长问题的一个指标。在高危妊娠中，或者当怀疑有生长迟缓或加速时，应始终考虑异常情况，检查应包括染色体核型分析。除了对胎盘进行分级外，还可以通过多个参数评估胎儿生长，包括测量胎儿头部、躯干、四肢和羊水量。胎儿对刺激的反应可以可视化并进行量化。没有任何一个参数可以单独用来预测胎儿结局，但通过使用这种多参数方法，有助于建立胎儿生物物理剖面图，从而可以更准确地预测妊娠结局。
