Health Promotion Division, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India.
Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth (HRIDAY), New Delhi, India.
Front Public Health. 2020 Oct 7;8:572638. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.572638. eCollection 2020.
The bidi industry in India is predominantly an unorganized sector. It continues to enjoy tax benefits, arguably, to protect bidi workers' interests and employment. Our objective was to study trends in employment and wage differentials in the bidi industry using nationally representative data. We studied trends in employment and wages in the bidi industry using secondary data from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and the Central Statistics Office (CSO), Government of India-the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) (2000-2001 to 2011-2012) and Enterprises Survey (2000-2001, 2005-2006, 2010-2011). The bidi industry contributed to only 0.65% of the total gross value added (GVA) by the entire manufacturing industry. Employment in this industry was primarily through contractors. Bidi workers earned only 17% of wages compared to workers in other manufacturing industries. Although females constituted the majority of bidi workers, they earned INR 7,000 to 8,000 (USD 155.7 to 178) less than male bidi workers annually. Despite the increase in bidi industry profits from INR 1.7 billion (USD 37.8 million) in 2005-2006 to INR 12.8 billion (USD 285 million) in 2010-2011, the wages of bidi workers have continued to decline over this period. Bidi workers earn much less compared to workers in other manufacturing industries and are subject to income inequality. There is a need to increase registration of the bidi industry for better administration of taxes and prevention of exploitation of the bidi workers. Skill building and alternative employment could provide better job quality, wages, social security and employment benefits.
印度比迪烟产业主要是一个无组织的行业。它继续享有税收优惠，可以说是为了保护比迪工人的利益和就业。我们的目的是使用全国代表性数据研究比迪烟产业的就业和工资差距趋势。我们使用印度国家抽样调查办公室（NSSO）和中央统计局（CSO）的二次数据研究比迪烟产业的就业和工资趋势，这些数据来自印度政府的年度工业调查（ASI）（2000-2001 年至 2011-2012 年）和企业调查（2000-2001 年、2005-2006 年、2010-2011 年）。比迪烟产业仅占整个制造业总增加值（GVA）的 0.65%。该行业的就业主要通过承包商实现。与其他制造业的工人相比，比迪烟工人的工资仅为其 17%。尽管女性占比迪烟工人的大多数，但她们每年比男性比迪烟工人少挣 7000 到 8000 卢比（155.7 到 178 美元）。尽管比迪烟产业的利润从 2005-2006 年的 17 亿卢比（3780 万美元）增加到 2010-2011 年的 128 亿卢比（2.85 亿美元），但在此期间，比迪烟工人的工资继续下降。与其他制造业的工人相比，比迪烟工人的收入要低得多，而且存在收入不平等的问题。需要增加比迪烟产业的注册登记，以便更好地管理税收，防止剥削比迪烟工人。技能建设和替代就业可以提供更好的工作质量、工资、社会保障和就业福利。
