The Transfer of the Ferredoxin Gene From the Chloroplast to the Nuclear Genome Is Ancient Within the Paraphyletic Genus .

Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins essential for a wide range of organisms because they are an electron transfer mediator involved in multiple metabolic pathways. In phytoplankton, these proteins are active in the mature chloroplasts, but the gene, encoding for ferredoxin, has been found either to be in the chloroplast genome or transferred to the nuclear genome as observed in the green algae and higher plant lineage. We experimentally determined the location of the gene in 12 strains of covering three species using DNA sequencing and qPCR assays. The results showed that gene is located in the nuclear genome of all confirmed strains (CCMP0999, 1001, 1005, and 1006) tested. In contrast, all (CCMP1012, 1013, 1014, and 1335) and (CCMP1010, 1049, and 1052) strains studied retained the gene in the chloroplast genome, as generally observed for Bacillariophyceae. Our evolutionary analyses further extend the dataset on the localization of the gene in the Thalassiosirales. The realization that the gene is nuclear-encoded in the genus allowed us to trace the gene transfer back to a single event that occurred within the paraphyletic genus . Phylogenetic analyses revealed the need to reassess the taxonomic assignment of the strain CCMP1616, since the genes used in our study did not cluster within the . lineage. Our results suggest that this strains' diversification occurred prior to the ferredoxin gene transfer event. The functional transfer of genes provides insight into the evolutionary processes leading to chloroplast genome reduction and suggests ecological adaptation as a driving force for such chloroplast to nuclear gene transfer.