Efficacy and safety of triple combination therapy for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an expert review.

: The current recommendations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) suggest to escalate from inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β-adrenoceptor agonist (ICS/LABA) treatment to triple therapy in patients experiencing persistent breathlessness, exercise limitation, or exacerbation. The addition of an ICS to LABA/long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) combination is recommended for frequently exacerbating patients with high levels of blood eosinophils. Nowadays, three triple therapies have been approved as fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) for the treatment of COPD: beclomethasone dipropionate/formoterol fumarate/glycopyrronium bromide (BDP/FOR/GLY), fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI), and budesonide/glycopyrronium bromide/formoterol fumarate (BUD/GLY/FOR).: This narrative review evaluates the efficacy and safety profile of triple FDC therapy for the treatment of COPD, by evaluating the data originating from pivotal randomized-controlled trials (RCTs).: The currently approved triple FDCs exert a protective effect against the risk of COPD exacerbation compared to ICS/LABA and LABA/LAMA, with some concerns regarding the risk of pneumonia for some specific FDCs. Since the assessed RCTs were characterized by important confounders, the obtained results should be interpreted with caution. Indeed, FDCs provide advantages in terms of improved adherence to treatment and lower errors in COPD management; however, direct head-to-head comparisons are needed to establish real differences between the currently approved triple FDCs.