Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Feb;28(8):9276-9289. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08863-5. Epub 2020 Nov 2.
The objective of this research was to determine seasonal variation, distribution, potential health risk, and source identification of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface dust of eight urban areas of Qom. The total levels of 16 PAHs ranged from 364.83 to 739.26 ng g, with an average of 478.27 ng g. Sites 1 and 8 showed the highest (491.33 ng g) and lowest (465.08 ng g) concentrations of PAHs, respectively. The PAHs demonstrated the highest and the lowest levels in autumn (553.41 ng g) and summer (402.30 ng g), respectively. Naphthalene (Nap) showed the highest amounts in all of the areas (75.57 ng g). Source apportionment indicated that vehicular emissions and combustion of fossil fuels (liquid fossil fuel, crude oil, and gas) are the main sources of the PAHs. Toxic equivalency quantities (TEQs) index exhibited a mean concentration of 47.41 ng g, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA) together contributed more than 80% of TEQ, indicating high risk potential of these compounds. Total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) presented higher value (2.62 × 10) for children than for adults (2.53 × 10), one-fold lower than the threshold (10). The spatial ILCR for the study areas and seasons showed the highest cancer risk in site 2 and winter. Taken together, the carcinogenic risk of PAHs to children and adults, respectively, through direct ingestion and dermal contact pathways illustrated values close to the baseline, suggesting that more attention should be paid to the issue in the study area.
本研究旨在确定库姆市 8 个城区地表灰尘中 16 种多环芳烃（PAHs）的季节性变化、分布、潜在健康风险和来源识别。16 种多环芳烃的总浓度范围为 364.83-739.26ng/g，平均值为 478.27ng/g。站点 1 和 8 显示出最高（491.33ng/g）和最低（465.08ng/g）的多环芳烃浓度。多环芳烃在秋季（553.41ng/g）和夏季（402.30ng/g）的浓度最高和最低。萘（Nap）在所有地区的含量最高（75.57ng/g）。来源分配表明，车辆排放和化石燃料燃烧（液态化石燃料、原油和天然气）是多环芳烃的主要来源。毒性等效系数（TEQ）指数表现出 47.41ng/g 的平均浓度，苯并[a]芘（BaP）和二苯并[a,h]蒽（DBA）共同贡献了超过 80%的 TEQ，表明这些化合物具有较高的潜在风险。总增量终生癌症风险（ILCR）显示儿童的数值（2.62×10）高于成人（2.53×10），比阈值（10）低 1 倍。研究区域和季节的空间 ILCR 显示，站点 2 和冬季的癌症风险最高。总的来说，通过直接摄入和皮肤接触途径，多环芳烃对儿童和成人的致癌风险值分别接近基线，这表明在研究区域应更加关注这一问题。
