Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
Curr Genet. 2021 Feb;67(1):27-40. doi: 10.1007/s00294-020-01118-3. Epub 2020 Nov 4.
Phyto-pathogenic fungi can cause huge damage to crop production. During millions of years of coexistence, fungi have evolved diverse life-style to obtain nutrients from the host and to colonize upon them. They deploy various proteinaceous as well as non-proteinaceous secreted molecules commonly referred as effectors to sabotage host machinery during the infection process. The effectors are important virulence determinants of pathogenic fungi and play important role in successful pathogenesis, predominantly by avoiding host-surveillance system. However, besides being important for pathogenesis, the fungal effectors end-up being recognized by the resistant cultivars of the host, which mount a strong immune response to ward-off pathogens. Various recent studies involving different pathosystem have revealed the virulence/avirulence functions of fungal effectors and their involvement in governing the outcome of host-pathogen interactions. However, the effectors and their cognate resistance gene in the host remain elusive for several economically important fungal pathogens. In this review, using examples from some of the biotrophic, hemi-biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, we elaborate the double-edged functions of fungal effectors. We emphasize that knowledge of effector functions can be helpful in effective management of fungal diseases in crop plants.
植物病原真菌可对作物生产造成巨大破坏。在数百万年的共存过程中，真菌已经进化出多种生活方式，从宿主获取营养并在其上定殖。它们利用各种蛋白质和非蛋白质分泌分子（通常称为效应子）在感染过程中破坏宿主机制。效应子是病原真菌的重要毒力决定因素，在成功发病过程中发挥重要作用，主要是通过逃避宿主监测系统。然而，除了对发病机制很重要之外，真菌效应子最终被宿主的抗性品种识别，从而引发强烈的免疫反应来抵御病原体。涉及不同病理系统的各种最近的研究揭示了真菌效应子的毒力/无毒性功能及其在调节宿主-病原体相互作用结果中的作用。然而，对于一些经济上重要的真菌病原体，其效应子及其在宿主中的同源抗性基因仍然难以捉摸。在这篇综述中，我们使用一些生物亲和性、半生物亲和性和坏死性病原体的例子，详细阐述了真菌效应子的双刃剑功能。我们强调，对效应子功能的了解有助于有效管理作物中的真菌病害。
