Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Research Centre for BioSystems, LandUse, and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2012 Aug;15(4):477-82. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.05.003. Epub 2012 Jun 1.
Both mutualistic and biotrophic pathogenic fungi rely on living host plants for growth and reproduction and must modify host cell structure and function for successful infection. The deployment of a diverse set of secreted virulence determinants referred to as 'effectors', many of which are directly delivered into the host cell, is postulated to be the key to host infection. This review provides a snapshot of the current progress in fungal effector biology. Recent genome sequencing of rust and powdery mildew obligate biotrophs has provided insight into the repertoires of potential effectors of these highly specialised pathogens. Identification of the first host-translocated effectors from mutualistic fungi has revealed that these fungi also manipulate host cells through effectors. The biological activities of some fungal effectors are just beginning to be revealed, while much uncertainty still surrounds the mechanisms of transport into host cells.
互利共生和生物致病真菌都依赖于活体宿主植物来生长和繁殖，并且必须改变宿主细胞的结构和功能才能成功感染。人们推测，广泛使用的一组被称为“效应子”的分泌毒力决定因子的部署是宿主感染的关键。本综述提供了真菌效应子生物学当前进展的一个快照。锈菌和白粉菌等专性生物致病真菌的最新基因组测序为这些高度特化的病原体的潜在效应子提供了深入的了解。从互利共生真菌中鉴定出的第一批宿主易位效应子揭示了这些真菌也通过效应子来操纵宿主细胞。一些真菌效应子的生物学活性才刚刚开始被揭示，而许多关于进入宿主细胞的机制仍然存在很大的不确定性。
