Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China.
Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
J Psychiatr Res. 2021 May;137:534-541. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.039. Epub 2020 Oct 31.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifaceted mental disorder where participants, in addition to various symptoms, often suffer from increased focus on past time perspective and higher incidence of childhood trauma. Whether the abnormal time perspective is a result of the depressive symptoms or, alternatively, mediates between childhood trauma and depression remains unclear.
To examine the triangular relationship between early life trauma, time perspective, and depressive symptoms.
We investigated a large-scale MDD sample (n = 93) and healthy subject sample (n = 69) with Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck hopelessness scale (BHS), childhood traumatic questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and the Zimbardo time perspective inventory (ZTPI).
The MDD patients reported more childhood trauma experiences, and were featured by abnormal time perspectives on past and future when compared to healthy control. By applying two alternative mediation models, we observed that the time perspective acted as a mediator between childhood trauma and depressive symptom severity, rather than as a consequence of depressive symptom. Furthermore, this abnormal time perspective was a risk factor to MDD, as the childhood trauma only mediated the time perspective in MDD. Finally, we showed that time perspective was a long-term personal trait and unchanged after the remission of depression symptoms under five-day transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Abnormal time perspective mediates the impact of early childhood trauma on depressive symptomatology. Besides better understanding of the temporal basis of depressive symptoms, we highlight the importance of preventive time perspective therapy in subjects with childhood trauma.
重度抑郁症（MDD）是一种多方面的精神障碍，患者除了各种症状外，通常还会过度关注过去的时间观念，并更容易经历儿童期创伤。异常的时间观念是抑郁症状的结果，还是在儿童期创伤和抑郁之间起中介作用，目前尚不清楚。
探讨早期生活创伤、时间观念和抑郁症状之间的三角关系。
我们调查了一个大规模的 MDD 样本（n=93）和健康受试者样本（n=69），使用贝克抑郁量表-II（BDI-II）、贝克绝望量表（BHS）、儿童创伤问卷-短式（CTQ-SF）和津巴多时间观念量表（ZTPI）。
与健康对照组相比，MDD 患者报告了更多的儿童期创伤经历，并且在过去和未来的时间观念上表现出异常。通过应用两种替代中介模型，我们观察到时间观念在儿童期创伤和抑郁症状严重程度之间起中介作用，而不是抑郁症状的结果。此外，这种异常的时间观念是 MDD 的一个风险因素，因为儿童期创伤仅在 MDD 中中介时间观念。最后，我们表明，时间观念是一种长期的个人特质，在接受五天经颅磁刺激治疗缓解抑郁症状后不会改变。
异常的时间观念中介了儿童早期创伤对抑郁症状的影响。除了更好地理解抑郁症状的时间基础外，我们还强调了在有儿童期创伤的个体中预防性时间观念治疗的重要性。
