Sterna Anna, Sakakibara Eisuke, Moskalewicz Marcin
Philosophy of Mental Health Unit, Department of Social Sciences and the Humanities, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
PeerJ. 2025 Apr 25;13:e19403. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19403. eCollection 2025.
Altered temporal experience lies at the core of various psychiatric conditions, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). Mainstream research in psychopathology tends to explore BPD with scrutiny while neglecting other personality disorders (PD). At the same time, the dimensional approach to PD proposes looking through the disorders' subtypes and tracing lived experience-based commonalities. This study is the first to explore the temporality of PD by investigating the relationship between symptom severity and lived time and combining objectified measures of time perception with phenomenological interpretation.
A total of 63 participants of various educational backgrounds, with personality disorders (36.5% male), following ICD-10 coding diagnosed with paranoid (3.2%), borderline (41.3%), narcissistic (33.3%), avoidant (4.8%), dependent (1.6%) and unspecified (15.9%) personality disorder. Levels of personality functioning and intensity of maladaptive trait domains were controlled with Level of Personality Functioning-Brief Scale 2.0 and Personality Inventory for ICD-11, respectively, resulting in the overall sample classification as comprising nine subclinical, 13 mild, 20 moderate, 16 severe, and five extremely severe conditions. Polish Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (PS-ZTPI) and Cottle's Circles Test (CT) were used to assess the temporal experience.
In comparison to healthy individuals, those with PD are more oriented toward past negative (4.01 . 2.98) and less toward past positive (2.31 . 3.71) and future (3.04 . 3.47), as measured with PS-ZTPI; their pre-reflective temporal experience, as measured with CT, is dominated either by the past or the future, while the present remains marginalized. BPD distinctiveness among other PD lies in higher orientation toward hedonistic present and lower orientation toward the future. While the general temporal profile of PD is independent of age and duration of hospitalization, it is related to the severity of the condition. The more severe the impairments in self-functioning, the higher the negative past perspective and pre-reflective past dominance, and the lower the positive and future perspective. The results of this study highlight temporality as an essential aspect of lived experience in PD, being possibly related to disturbed self-experience.
时间体验的改变是包括边缘性人格障碍（BPD）在内的各种精神疾病的核心。精神病理学的主流研究倾向于仔细探究BPD，而忽视其他人格障碍（PD）。与此同时，人格障碍的维度方法建议透过障碍的亚型，追踪基于生活体验的共性。本研究首次通过调查症状严重程度与生活时间之间的关系，并将客观的时间感知测量与现象学解释相结合，来探索人格障碍的时间性。
共有63名具有不同教育背景、患有各种人格障碍的参与者（男性占36.5%），根据国际疾病分类第10版（ICD - 10）编码，诊断为偏执型（3.2%）、边缘型（41.3%）、自恋型（33.3%）、回避型（4.8%）、依赖型（1.6%）和未特定型（15.9%）人格障碍。分别使用人格功能水平简版量表2.0和国际疾病分类第11版（ICD - 11）人格量表来控制人格功能水平和适应不良特质领域的强度，从而将总体样本分类为包括9个亚临床、13个轻度、20个中度、16个重度和5个极重度情况。使用波兰版津巴多时间视角问卷简版（PS - ZTPI）和科特尔圆圈测试（CT）来评估时间体验。
与健康个体相比，使用PS - ZTPI测量发现，患有PD的个体更倾向于过去消极（4.01. 2.98），而较少倾向于过去积极（2.31. 3.71）和未来（3.04. 3.47）；使用CT测量发现，他们的前反思性时间体验以过去或未来为主导，而当下仍然被边缘化。BPD在其他人格障碍中的独特之处在于对享乐主义当下的更高倾向和对未来的更低倾向。虽然人格障碍的总体时间特征与年龄和住院时间无关，但它与病情严重程度有关。自我功能受损越严重，消极的过去视角和前反思性过去主导越高，积极和未来视角越低。本研究结果突出了时间性作为人格障碍生活体验的一个重要方面，可能与自我体验紊乱有关。
